Business case

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Reduced use and withdrawal of water and rate of recycling and reuse of water

Save Water (SDG6)

Providing water and sewage services, including water collection and distribution, water treatment systems and sewage treatment facilities

Water and Sewage

Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

Refining and processing ores and producing ferrous and non-ferrous metal and glass products, including packaging

Metal and Glass

Transforming waste products, materials for reuse within other industries

Open loop upcycling

Make collected and sorted recyclables available for use by citizens, small businesses up to large scale industrial processes. 

Use recyclables

Implementation of strategies to collect recyclable waste in order to make it accessible and available to be used as an input in industrial processes (big or small). These are door-to-door collection (higher recovery rates but more costly intensive), drop-off schemes (cheaper but less effective, more common in cities with high housing density), or a combination of the two, and their corresponding incentive schemes. 

Collect recyclables

Infrastructure for citizens or cities to sort waste and extract recyclables, including incentives and pay-as-you-throw policies, as well as clear and targeted communications campaigns.

Sort recyclables

Collection of waste arising from commercial and industrial actors

Collect non residential

Wastewater (blackwater and water from industrial processes) can be treated and reclaimed for agricultural and industrial purposes. Moreover, depending on economic factors, wastewater treatments can be adopted for supplying domestic freshwater. 

Use wastewater

Other

Impacts

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Industries

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The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

Urban Opportunities

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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The European Union is a unique economic and political union between 27 EU countries that together cover much of the continent.

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European Union 

SLASORB 

A European project (SLASORB), tested if metal slag can be used as filter media to remove phosphorus from wastewater for the first time in Europe. This could filter and recover the excessive input of phosphorus in water bodies like rivers and lakes which causes eutrophication due to use of fertilisers in agriculture. * Material impact: reuse of 0.5-1.3 million tons slag/year. Read more at:

Repurposing metal slag for phosphorus filtration

Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Impact on the ease of innovation, and facilitating uptake of innovations

Innovation

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Producing textile and leather products and processing them into apparel and accessories

Fashion and Textiles

Engaging in discussions with government bodies and policymakers to push for regulations that support the circular economy

Advocacy for circular economy policy

Participating in government programmes that support and advance the circular economy

Government programmes

Solutions at all stages of the textiles value chain.

Zero Waste Textiles

  The European Clothing Action Plan (ECAP) is an exciting project that will bring environmental and economic benefit to the clothing sector. It is the first EU LIFE funded project to address clothing sustainability.
Its approach encompasses sustainable design, production, consumption, public procurement, collection, recycling and reprocessing.  The project focuses on the clothing supply chain, and has 8 action areas:  




ECAP project extension – project now concludes December 2019



Please be aware that we have now extended the ECAP project until 31st December 2019. This will allow us to further develop the project and achieve improved outcomes and insights. It does however mean that the final project report will now be available later than planned at the end of 2019.





  Check out the ECAP Youtube channel for our videos
The ECAP project has received funding from the LIFE programme of the European Union  

ECAP

ECAP is €3.6 million EU LIFE funded project which aims to reduce clothing waste across Europe and embed a circular economy approach. The project runs for three and a half years, ending in March 2019. Objectives and targets The focus of ECAP is to adopt a circular approach to divert clothing waste from landfill and incineration across Europe. Specifically it aims to: \- Divert over 90 tonnes of clothing waste from landfill and incineration. \- Reduce the carbon, water and waste footprints of clothing in Europe. \- Ensure that fewer low grade textiles go to incineration and landfill. \- Prevent waste in the clothing supply chain. \- Encourage innovation in resource-efficient design, recycling of textile fibres and service models to encourage business growth in the sector. \- Influence consumers to buy smarter and use clothing for longer by using the existing Love Your Clothes consumer campaign.

The ECAP is a governmental backed action plan to adapt sustainable practices in the clothing sector

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This collection comes from the <a href="https://www.circle-economy.com/circular-jobs-initiative/" target="_blank">Circular Jobs Initiative</a>, an initiative of Circle Economy.

The workforce is an essential lever for transforming our economy from linear to circular. The Circular Jobs Initiative aims to maximise the employment opportunities offered by the circular economy. It provides practical support and insights to businesses and governments that want to adopt circular strategies that have a positive social impact.The Circular Jobs Initiative works through three focus areas: 

- Upskilling the workforce

- Quality of work

- Inclusive job opportunities 

CJI has defined circular jobs as any occupation that directly involves or indirectly supports one of the strategies of the circular economy. It distinguishes between three types of circular jobs: core, enabling and indirectly circular jobs.

**Core circular jobs** are all jobs that ensure the closure of raw material cycles, including jobs in repair, renewable energy, waste and resource management. 

**‍Enabling circular jobs** are jobs that remove barriers for and enable the acceleration and upscaling of core circular activities, including jobs that arise in leasing, education, design and digital technology. 

**Indirectly circular jobs** are jobs that occur in other sectors that do not play a direct role in furthering the transition to the circular economy but can still adopt circular strategies. They include jobs that provide services to core circular strategies, including jobs in information services, logistics and the public sector.

The Knowledge Hub Collection includes examples of circular jobs, publications, reports, case studies and policies different organisations, governments and businesses are already using to advocate for a person-centred circular economy. 

Visit the <a href="https://www.circle-economy.com/circular-jobs-initiative/" target="_blank">Circular Jobs Initiative</a>

Visit the <a href="http://jobsmonitor.circle-economy.com/" target="_blank">Circular Jobs Monitor</a>

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Circular Jobs Initiative

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Article / Report

Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

Impacts on the financial condition of a company, as well as the the economicconditions of its stakeholders and on economic systems at local, national, andglobal levels.

Economic Impact

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Impact on the health and happiness of human populations

Well-being

Contribution to social parity, or impact on social disparity

Equality

Societal Services

Providing public and private education and support services at any level or for any profession, and governmental and public administration services, including judicial, regulatory, and legislative activities, taxation, defence, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and the administration of government programmes

Education and Government Services

Use digital, online platforms and technologies that provide insights to track and optimise resource use, strengthen connections between supply chain actors, and enable the implementation of circular models



Incorporate digital technology

Engage with the government on circular policies and programmes

Government collaboration

Provide guidance or professional training to educate employees to use circular economy principles

Training on the circular economy

'Inform' increases the overall levels of awareness and builds the necessary skills and knowledge around the circular economy to foster long-term change.

Inform

Integrate principles of circularity into primary, secondary and tertiary curriculum and conduct workplace trainings

 Education and Curriculum

Encourage workplace training

'Mobilise' sets the direction of and builds momentum towards long-term change, while also determining how this direction is determined and governed.

Mobilise

Govern the Transition

 Convene Towards Action

Advocate for circular change

Raise awareness and run information campaigns about  strategies for and impacts of the circular economy in different contexts.

Communication and awareness

Awareness raising events

Information campaigns

 Develop research, structure knowledge, encourage innovation networks and disseminate findings with integrity


Strengthen and advance knowledge

A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

 GrEEn is funded under the European Union Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF), which was set up by European and African partners in 2015 to deliver an integrated and coordinated response to irregular migration, forced displacement and the diverse causes of instability, including climate change. GrEEn will contribute to addressing the root causes of irregular migration by supporting sustainable and climate-resilient local economies, green jobs and development in regions of departure, transit and return. GrEEn will be implemented in coordination with the Ghanaian Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (and other relevant ministries) alongside the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies of the two focal regions. Furthermore, SNV will be working with a wide variety of partners, including private sector, vocational and other training service providers, incubation and acceleration hubs, relevant Ministries, the Ghanaian diaspora, the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), as well as other donors and relevant actors working on green jobs and enterprises.  Click to download the GrEEn brochure/brief. Please read our latest newsletter and subscribe to stay informed. Key facts about the project: Objectives & results GrEEn’s specific objectives  To support the transition of local economies to green and climate-resilient development. To improve the employability and entrepreneurship capabilities of selected people by matching them with market opportunities and mentoring into (self-)employment and enterprise development (focusing on green and climate-resilient local economies). To create and strengthen local ecosystems that support youth (self-)employment and the development of MSMEs.  SNV will be focusing on the following two result areas:  Employability and entrepreneurship capabilities of youth, women and returnees are improved in sectors of economic opportunities. Small, Medium Enterprises (SMEs), offering decent and sustainable jobs to youth, women and returnees, are incubated and/or accelerated and contribute to green and climate-resilient local economies.  The key targets of the GrEEn project for SNV are the following:  At least 5,000 people trained and coached for employability and entrepreneurship (youth: 60-80%, women: 40-60% and returnees: 10%); At least 3,500 people have created or developed self-employment opportunities (youth: 60-80%, women: 40-60% and returnees: 5-10%); At least 100 MSMEs have been incubated or accelerated to expand their business (disaggregated by number of employees, sector and district); At least 1,500 decent and sustainable jobs created by MSMEs (youth: 60-80%, women: 40-60%).  

Job creation opportunities exist in the green and circular economy.But lack of career guidance and preparation makes many Ghanaians unable to identify and capitalize on existing opportunities, even at the district level.GrEEn Project by SVN Netherlands Development Organization is however providing a permanent solution to this problem.Through the GrEEn Project District Job Fairs, entrepreneurship in the green economy will be fostered through engagement with experienced business owners to inspire participants to start their own green businesses.Under its Opportunities for Youth Employment (OYE) Programme, participants who are looking for jobs in the sector will also receive green opportunities at the district level to inform their career decisions.The fair also serves as a platform for preparing skilled labor through employability sessions such as CV writing, job description analysis and cover letter writing. The International Labour Organisation’s report, ‘The World Employment and Social Outlook’ released in April 2020 reveals that a shift to a green economy could create 24 million new jobs globally by 2030, resulting in poverty alleviation and improved livelihoods.Skills Development Advisor for SNV’s GrEEn Project, Gifty Afi Cudjoe, says the project makes a call to ‘green’ business and employment decisions.The four-year GrEEn project action is under the partnership of the European Union, the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Ghana, SNV Ghana, and the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF).The aim is to create greater economic and employment opportunities for youth, women, and returning migrants by promoting and supporting sustainable, green businesses in the Ashanti and Western regions.According to Ms Cudjoe, SNV is also committed to supporting business growth and helping entrepreneurship.“Green jobs and businesses in the circular economy are our solutions to a resilient, sustainable local economy,” she said. Ms Cudjoe added that the GrEEn Project aims at creating greater economic and employment opportunities for youth, women and returning migrants by promoting and supporting sustainable, green businesses in Ashanti and Western regions. GrEEn is implemented under the European Union Emergency Trust Fund (EUTF) for Africa.SNV, UNCDF and the European Union, as development organizations are dedicated to supporting the efforts of the government in increasing opportunities for youth, women and returning migrants in Ghana.SNV is also dedicated to supporting the growth of businesses and contributing to entrepreneurship.As the effects of the climate crisis continue to intensify, SNV believes that jobs that can withstand and help tackle climate change are crucial to the future of Ghana and its citizens.Green jobs and businesses in the circular economy are our solutions to a resilient, sustainable local economy. In 2020, SNV Ghana signed an MoU with the Ministry of Employment and Labour Relations to promote the implementation of the country’s National Green Jobs Strategy.The GrEEn Job Fair is one of our activities to complement the job-creation efforts of the Government.In September 2020, SNV in collaboration with the Offinso Municipal Assembly organized its maiden job fair.Six districts in the Ashanti region, identified as hotspots for irregular migration would benefit from the scheme. They include Offinso North, Offinso, Adansi South, Ejura Sekyeredumase, Sekyere Afram Plains and Sekyere KumawuAt the Adansi South district where young people attended the program, the district chief executive, Francis Ankomah said SNV’s Opportunities for Youth Employment (OYE) Programme is a laudable venture which deserves maximum support.He stated that unemployment has become a sensitive issue in recent times.“Experience has taught us that, if we want to develop as a nation then we should pay particular attention to the welfare of our youth because they are the future leaders,” said Mr. Ankomah.He admonished the youth not to waste opportunities since the way they handle things today will greatly determine if their colleagues would get such opportunities in future.Five thousand young people are expected to be trained under the OYE programme to enhance their employability and entrepreneurial capabilities. The OYE Programme focuses on three sectors; agriculture, renewable energy, and Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH).The goal is to improve the employability and entrepreneurial capacity of beneficiaries, particularly women and returning migrants, by matching them with market opportunities.SNV Ghana wants to create and strengthen a local ecosystem that supports youth development.Out of the 5,000 people to be trained, SNV Ghana hopes to support 3,500 in setting up their businesses. Tags:  

Africa

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Offinso Municipal District

Ejura Sekyedumase

Sekyere Afram Plains

Ashanti Region

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SVN Netherlands Development Organisation

United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF)

European Union Emergency Trust Fund (EUTF)

Boosting Green Employment and Enterprise Opportunities in Ghana, also known as GrEEn, is a four-year joint project from the&nbsp;European Union, the&nbsp;Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Ghana, the&nbsp;United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF)&nbsp;and SNV. The project will be implemented in the Ashanti and Western regions of Ghana and will contribute to addressing the root causes of irregular migration by supporting sustainable and climate-resilient local economies, green jobs and development in regions of departure, transit and return.

Creating Circular Jobs in Ghana 

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This collection has been built by a community of passionate researchers, students, and industry professionals as part of <a href="https://worldcirculartextilesday.com/" target="_blank">World Circular Textiles Day</a> (WCTD). 


World Circular Textiles Day takes place every year on 8th October. Our vision is to galvanise the collective ambitions and goals of people, organisations and businesses to reach a fully circular textiles world by 2050. Our mission is to provide a framework for circularity stakeholders to develop and deliver a collaborative, evolving roadmap and to chart circularity’s momentum annually from the 8th of October until 2050.

What does fully circular by 2050 mean?
- Shared textile resources, in the form of products and raw materials, are kept in **continual circulation**.
- Virgin resources are **replaced with circular materials**.
- Dignity, equity, and equality for the **people** involved in all parts of the circular value chain.

We need to know where we stand today to chart how to get to 100% Circularity by 2050. What circular activity is currently happening in the textiles and apparel industry, and where in the world is it happening? The WCTD Collection aims to answer this question by building the world’s largest digital library of circular textiles case studies. 

World Circular Textiles Day is proud to be supported by our 2022-23 Circular Hero Partners:
[Lenzing](https://www.lenzing.com/), [Texaid](https://retailsolutions.texaid.com/), [Bank & Vogue](https://www.bankvogue.com/), [Usha yarns limited](https://ushayarns.com/), [The Conduit](https://www.theconduit.com/), and [Asia Pacific Rayon](https://www.aprayon.com/en/)

## Want to contribute to the WCTD Collection? Sign up and add your circular textiles activities.

World Circular Textiles Day

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Efficiency gains on operations or transactions either through cultural or technological shifts

Productivity

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Producing electronics products for businesses and consumers, including cellular phones, personal computers, printers, servers, electronic computer components and peripherals, TVs, audio equipment, as well as household appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines, etc.

Electronics and Appliances

Producing indoor products for the home and office, such as furniture, including upholstery, carpets and wall-coverings, as well as cutlery, cookware, glassware, crystal, silverware, utensils, kitchenware and household specialties

Home and Office Furnishings

Designing products of multiple parts that can be easily disassembled

Design for disassembly

Designing products to remove any barriers to recycling and enable easy recyclability

Design for recycling

Designing products with a single material type to more easily recycle them after use

Design for recycling - mono-materials

Working together with customers to jointly create products fit for them

Co-creation

Developing or utilising online platforms to enable circular economy opportunities through information, product or service offering

Online platforms

Data, knowledge & information sharing

Monitoring & enforcement

VISION:
Products and services are designed for multiple use and material value retention, with maximum positive impact.

DETAIL: 
Imagine a time when…products flow via optimal collection and distribution streams into reusable and repairable product platforms. Reuse and access models are dominant, and products are designed for multiple recirculation before biodegrading (if designed to do so), or being broken down into reusable raw materials for production. People only consume what they need. Production and consumption wastes have been fully eliminated and multifunctional, season-less and timeless fashions are the norm, yet still fulfil our human need for expression and creativity without constraint. All business models, organisations, governments and citizens play a role in maintaining a healthy, functioning circular ecosystem.

Products and Services

It is 2050.  Full systems change has taken place. This wouldn’t have been possible without the immediate action and radical steps taken from 2020 onwards. Many targets had to be identified in the early 2020s and achieved by 2030 to ensure that the 2050 goal happened in full. A sense of urgency, turbo stakeholder collaboration, supportive government regulation and clear, data driven targets enabled the mindsets and systems change needed to transform to a fully circular textiles ecosystem.

A circular economics model underpins what we have created. It reflects and supports a living organism made up of makers, users and restorers, interacting across vibrant and interconnected networks. Checks and balances, alongside transparency and accountability, ensure a healthy system. Financial, environmental, and social metrics have the purpose of serving communities and the planet. There is shared ownership of profit and loss – across all three metrics – throughout the value chain.

This is what we’ve achieved over the last 30 years:

WCTD Themes

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Open AccessArticle  by
 *,  and    


Energy, Transport and Climate Policy Division, Wuppertal Institute, 42103 Wuppertal, Germany


*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 



Academic Editor: Anna Mazzi

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2289; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082289


Received: 1 April 2021 / Revised: 13 April 2021 / Accepted: 15 April 2021 / Published: 19 April 2021
 
 

The Digital Product Passport (DPP) is a concept of a policy instrument particularly pushed by policy circles to contribute to a circular economy. The preliminary design of the DPP is supposed to have product-related information compiled mainly by manufactures and, thus, to provide the basis for more circular products. Given the lack of scientific debate on the DPP, this study seeks to work out design options of the DPP and how these options might benefit stakeholders in a product’s value chain. In so doing, we introduce the concept of the DPP and, then, describe the existing regime of regulated and voluntary product information tools focusing on the role of stakeholders. These initial results are reflected in an actor-centered analysis on potential advantages gained through the DPP. Data is generated through desk research and a stakeholder workshop. In particular, by having explored the role the DPP for different actors, we find substantial demand for further research on a variety of issues, for instance, on how to reduce red tape and increase incentives for manufacturers to deliver certain information and on how or through what data collection tool (e.g., database) relevant data can be compiled and how such data is provided to which stakeholder group. We call upon other researchers to close the research gaps explored in this paper also to provide better policy direction on the DPP.
View Full-Text

Keywords: 
resource efficiency; product policy; energy efficiency; digitalization; life cycle assessment; easy-to-repair design
 resource efficiency; product policy; energy efficiency; digitalization; life cycle assessment; easy-to-repair design

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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited



  







Share and Cite  
MDPI and ACS Style

Adisorn, T.; Tholen, L.; Götz, T. Towards a Digital Product Passport Fit for Contributing to a Circular Economy. Energies 2021, 14, 2289.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082289


AMA Style

Adisorn T, Tholen L, Götz T. Towards a Digital Product Passport Fit for Contributing to a Circular Economy. Energies. 2021; 14(8):2289.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082289

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adisorn, Thomas, Lena Tholen, and Thomas Götz. 2021. "Towards a Digital Product Passport Fit for Contributing to a Circular Economy" Energies 14, no. 8: 2289.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082289
 
 


Article Metrics  

 



Germany

Europe

 Maersk 

The Digital Product Passport (DPP) is a concept of a policy instrument particularly that has gained increased attention by policymakers due to its potential contribution to circular material flows. It has been mentioned in several EU strategies and was also confirmed in the ‘Council conclusions on making recovery circular and green’. The article seeks to work out implementation options for DPPs and how these options might benefit stakeholders and society by supplying information on the origin, composition and dismantling options of a product. Thus, the implementation of such a tool could facilitate tracking and tracing materials and compiling information in one unique database. By making businesses deliver to these objectives, the obligation to generate high quality product information can be a valuable contribution as regards to designing more sustainable products and their handling once they reach their end-of-life.

Towards a Digital Product Passport Fit for Contributing to a Circular Economy

Policy case

Extraction and reuse of parts from end-of-life products for use in new products

Part recovery

Collection programmes that process products and parts for reuse or recycling within the same industry

Closed loop collection

Transforming waste products, materials for reuse within the same industry

Closed loop upcycling

Using waste materials that have been processed and recycled to produce new products within the same industry

Using closed loop recycled materials

Collection programmes that process products and parts for reuse or recycling within other industries

Open loop collection

Review and update regulation

      Preventing waste is the preferred option, and sending waste to landfill should be the last resort.  The Waste Framework Directive lays down some basic waste management principles. It requires that waste be managedwithout endangering human health and harming the environmentwithout risk to water, air, soil, plants or animalswithout causing a nuisance through noise or odoursand without adversely affecting the countryside or places of special interestIt explains when waste ceases to be waste and becomes a secondary raw material, and how to distinguish between waste and by-products. The Directive also introduces the "polluter pays principle" and the "extended producer responsibility".The foundation of EU waste management is the five-step “waste hierarchy”, established in the Waste Framework Directive. It establishes an order of preference for managing and disposing of waste.        To comply with the objectives of this Directive, EU countries shall take the necessary measures to achieve the following targetsby 2020, the preparing for re-use and the recycling of waste materials (such as paper, metal, plastic and glass) from households shall be increased to a minimum of overall 50 % by weightby 2020, the preparing for re-use, recycling and other material recovery, including backfilling operations using waste to substitute other materials, of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste shall be increased to a minimum of 70 % by weightby 2025, the preparing for re-use and the recycling of municipal waste shall be increased to a minimum of 55 %, 60% and 65% by weight by 2025, 2030 and 2035 respectivelyThe rules and calculation methods for verifying compliance with these targets can be found in Commission Decision 2011/753/EU. Additional rules for the calculation, verification and reporting of data on waste in accordance with the amended Waste Framework Directive can be found in Commission Decision (EU) 2019/1004.The Commission provides guidance on municipal waste data collection, which can be found here.      Hazardous wastes pose a greater risk to the environment and human health than non-hazardous waste and therefore require a stricter control regime.The Waste Framework Directive provides additional labelling, record keeping, monitoring and control obligations from the "cradle to the grave", in other words from the waste production to the final disposal or recovery. It also bans the mixing of hazardous waste with other categories of hazardous waste, and with non-hazardous waste.The classification into hazardous and non-hazardous waste is based on the system for the classification and labelling of dangerous substances and preparations. This ensures that similar principles are applied over the whole life cycle of materials. For more information on the classification of all types of waste (including hazardous), see the European List of Waste.Read the guidelines on the separate collection of household hazardous waste.     The Waste Framework Directive defines by-products as a substance or object, resulting from a production process, the primary aim of which is not the production of that item. By-products can come from a wide range of business sectors, and can have very different environmental impacts. It is important to classify by-products correctly to avoid environmental damage or unnecessary costs for business.     End-of-waste criteria specify when certain waste ceases to be waste and becomes a product, or a secondary raw material.According to Article 6 (1) and (2) of the Waste Framework Directive, certain specified waste ceases to be waste when it has undergone a recovery operation (including recycling) and complies with specific criteria, in particular whenthe substance or object is commonly used for specific purposesthere is an existing market or demand for the substance or objectthe use is lawful (substance or object fulfils the technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the existing legislation and standards applicable to products)the use will not lead to overall adverse environmental or human health impactsThis criteria for specific materials is set by the Commission through the “comitology” procedure.  A mandate to set end-of-waste criteria was introduced to provide a high level of environmental protection and an environmental and economic benefit. They aim to further encourage recycling in the EU by creating legal certainty and a level playing field as well as removing unnecessary administrative burden.How are the end-of-waste criteria being developed? A methodology to develop the criteria has been published by the Joint Research Centre.The Commission is preparing a set of end-of-waste criteria for priority waste streams. These criteria have been laid down for     Find out more about how the EU helps member countries to implement the Waste Framework Directive. Read about implementation reports, the European List of Waste, guidance documents and Waste Prevention Programmes.     Implementation of the Waste Framework DirectiveMore information   
    

The EU Waste Framework Directive (WFD) define the basics principles related to waste management for Member States of the European Union. The EU WFD sets a waste hierarchy which starts with prevention and it ends with disposal. It was amended in 2018 and alongside others amendment it was legislated that Member States should promote re-use activity and repair networks, facilitating proper waste management and that by 1st January 2025 Member States shall set up separate collection for textiles (WFD, Article 12b DIRECTIVE (EU) 2018/851).