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Circle Economy and ICLEI have partnered up to initiate the go to knowledge hub of case studies about the circular economy in cities. The Cities Collection is a repository of case studies that demonstrate the role of cities in the circular transition, and includes policies, business cases and research articles. Cases in the Collection flow into an ecosystem of digital products which support users in transitioning cities to circularity, for example [Ganbatte](https://ganbatte.world/cities/) and <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/" target="_blank">ICLEI Circulars</a>, both part of the <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/circle-lab-for-cities/" target = _blank">Circle Lab for Cities Programme.</a>

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Circular Cities

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Policy case

Work together throughout the supply chain, internally within organisations and with the public sector and communities to increase transparency and create joint value

Team up to create joint value

Institutional design to enable circularity

Societal Services

Enacting measures that optimise energy use

Energy efficiency

Replace energy sources with less impactful alternatives and enact energy efficiency measures

Regenerative energy

Cities consume about 75% of global energy and emit between 50% and 60% of global greenhouse gases (UN-Habitat). To reduce the negative impact of their energy consumption, cities need to shift away from fossil fuels and move towards renewable energy sources. Such a shift will help cities work towards their climate change mitigation and adaptation action plans. Renewable energy technologies such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal can also help improve access to energy in vulnerable and marginalised neighbourhoods through, for example, decentralised, off-grid solutions.

Renewable energy technologies can harvest the energy in nature’s processes, such as wind, and solar radiation and geothermal heat, that can be replenished within a human lifespan. In contrast, fossil fuels are materials that are not replenished within a human lifespan and are combusted for energy, losing the fuel material and resulting in emissions.

Local governments can develop sustainable energy plans, considering different energy resources and requirements, to develop a robust strategy for the development of renewable energy technologies and infrastructure throughout the city. They can also institute specific legislation and tax systems to regulate energy production and consumption, incentivise research and development of cleaner, more efficient technologies. Via Power Purchase Agreements cities can buy renewable energy from green energy providers and fix the price in order to provide security to financial institutions to finance renewable energy infrastructure. Furthermore, increasing awareness and facilitating capacity-building on planning urban sustainable energy projects can help the uptake of clean energy across the city by different stakeholders—from citizens to businesses and institutions. Facilitating collaboration, then, will be crucial, since private companies operate most of the world’s energy systems.


⚡ Energy Systems

Govern the Transition

**Harmonize with nature** by promoting infrastructure, production systems and sourcing that allows natural ecosystems to thrive




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Regenerate

Roadmaps and strategies and targets

Regenerate strategies phase out hazardous or toxic materials and processes and substitute them with regenerative biomass resources. A circular economy aims to mimic natural cycles—by shifting to more regenerative farming practices, for example—while also maximising the share of circular biomass that enters the economy. Regeneration can happen both at the systems level (by designing regenerative processes) as well as at the product level (by switching synthetic to organic fertilisers, for example).

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

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Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Utilise waste streams as a source of secondary resources and recover waste for reuse and recycling

Use waste as a resource

Engage with the government on circular policies and programmes

Government collaboration

Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Impacts on the financial condition of a company, as well as the the economicconditions of its stakeholders and on economic systems at local, national, andglobal levels.

Economic Impact

Efficiency gains on operations or transactions either through cultural or technological shifts

Productivity

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

The demand for transport is rising globally—but current modes are heavily material- and fossil-fuels-intensive. Emissions from the transport system could grow by 60% by 2050, and transport is the number-one user of oil worldwide. GHG emissions result not only in warming global temperatures, but also in ocean acidification, which has severe consequences for entire ecosystems and further destabilises our climate. The transport system also drives land-use change and biodiversity loss through the development of infrastructure—also releasing harmful pollutants into the ocean. Key circular solutions:

- Embrace and enable car-free lifestyles
- Invest in high-quality public transport
- Rethink unnecessary air travel
- Electrify remaining vehicles

🚌 Mobility Systems

Eliminate waste by maximizing the recovery of resources at the end of the use phase so that they can be reintroduced into production processes


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Recover

Prioritize solutions that use the power of functioning ecosystems as infrastructure to provide natural services to benefit society and the environment; consider nature-based replacements for grey infrastructure.

Prioritise renewable resources 

Ensure renewable, reusable, non-toxic resources are utilised as materials and energy in an efficient way

Prioritise regenerative resources

Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

The built environment, including housing, commercial buildings, and the necessary infrastructure for mobility, is essential for our livelihoods, but:
- the extraction of minerals used to produce construction materials is responsible for a quarter of global land use change,
- approximately 40% of global GHG emissions can be attributed to buildings’ construction, use and demolition, and
- construction and demolition processes drive nearly one-third of all material consumption. 

Making the built environment more circular must prioritise a heavy reduction in material use—while also closing the loop on materials and bringing secondary and renewable material choices to the fore. Our four key solutions for the built environment are:
- Make the most of what already exists: Make the most of existing materials by reusing, repurposing, upgrading and renovating following circular approaches. Where new builds are needed, use secondary materials and be as efficient as possible with urban planning solutions that follow circular design principles so that buildings can be reused, repurposed, and easily disassembled in the future.
- Be as energy efficient as possible: From the design phase, utilise circular strategies to create material- and energy efficient buildings. Couple these designs with a rollout of clean energy solutions, and prioritise energy-efficient appliances and retrofitting. 
- Utilise secondary materials: Maximise the high-value reuse of buildings and components where possible. Ideally, enable the utilisation of construction and demolition outputs and ensure that as much of it as possible is recycled to avoid the need for virgin materials, such as sand and gravel.
- Prioritise circular materials and approaches: Transition to using renewable wood, timber or cross-laminated timber instead of steel and concrete, or move to other locally available materials. Utilise mainstream modular construction and prioritise lightweight frames and structures to reduce cement and steel use, as well as green roofs where possible.



🏢 Built Environment

Participating in government programmes that support and advance the circular economy

Government programmes

Redesign systems to lay the foundation for circular activities and enable the transition to a circular economy 

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Rethink

Governments

Advocate for circular change

The food system nourishes populations and employs 50% of the global workforce, but:
- it currently drives a quarter of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its greenhouse gas (GHG) production, 
- animal farming alone uses over one-quarter of all land, equivalent to the size of the Americas,
- nearly a quarter of freshwater resources are lost due to rampant food waste, and
- it is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss.

A circular food system must address the whole value chain, from production to consumption to waste management. The four key solutions for the food system are:
- Put healthier, satiating foods first: Prioritise satiating and healthy foods with a lower environmental impact—ideally shifting calories from meat, fish, and dairy towards cereals, fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
- Go local, seasonal, and organic: Prioritise the production and consumption of local, seasonal, and organic produce (sometimes in combination with GMO to reduce pests and disease loss on crops), which can lead to a significantly reduced need for chemical inputs, fuels, and processing services that contribute to environmental impacts.
- Mainstream regenerative agriculture: Scale up agricultural practices that regenerate ecosystems, recirculate nutrients and sequester carbon by design. 
- End avoidable food waste: Minimise food loss and valorise waste following the food waste hierarchy along the supply chain and at the consumer level through better management of transport and storage, more refrigeration and smart planning, and technology at the consumer and food service levels.



🍏 Food Systems

Visions and Ambitions

Cycle strategies aim to cycle and reuse materials at their highest value: they maximise the volume of secondary materials re-entering the economy, ultimately minimising the need for virgin material inputs and therefore also narrowing flows. Of course, virgin materials will always be needed to a degree: all materials degrade and can’t be cycled infinitely, use energy, and require blending with virgin materials to maintain strength and functionality.

Cycle

Communities

Impact on the ease of innovation, and facilitating uptake of innovations

Innovation

Manufactured goods, such as vehicles, textiles, appliances and equipment and their associated production processes are big employers but:
- production processes often rely on fossil fuels and currently drive one-third of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its GHG production, 
- material- and energy-intensive industrial activities are linked to deforestation and drive 15% on both the land use and freshwater planetary boundaries, 
- manufacturing goods results in substantial amounts of hazardous industrial waste and leaks chemicals into the environment.

Here, circular solutions must tackle the full value chain, but material demand must also shrink: this will necessitate a societal shift to favouring sufficiency over excess and reducing consumption to sustainable levels. Our four key solutions for manufactured goods are:
- Mainstream industrial symbiosis and efficiency : Achieve process improvements, scrap diversion and reduction in yield losses through greater industrial symbiosis and efficiency. Foster tighter collaboration within and between industries to deliver powerful material and emissions savings.
- Extend the lifetime of machinery, equipment, and goods: Maximise the lifetime of goods that serve our daily needs to bring a number of environmental benefits. 
- Buy what's needed: Reduce the number of purchases of common electronic goods, appliances, and other equipment to sufficiency levels. 
- Eschew fast fashion in favour of sustainable textiles: Drastically reduce new clothing purchases. All used clothing should go on to be repaired, reused or, if needed, recycled appropriately. Prioritise natural and local textile manufacturing, as well as higher-quality and more durable garments. 




👕📱 Consumer Goods

Impact on the health and happiness of human populations

Well-being

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

The Circular City Actions Framework provides urban changemakers with five complementary strategies they can use to start working towards a more circular system. 

The framework is action-based to provide users with concrete strategic directions and showcase the desired outcomes of each strategy. 
The framework consists of five complementary **strategies**, under which **sub-strategies** provide further detail. Finally, each sub-strategy consists of a diversity of tangible **solutions** which are framed in relation to key thematic areas. 

Note: solutions are currently focused on:
- 🍏 **Food systems**
- 🏢  **Built environment**
- 👕📱  **Consumer goods**
- ⚡ **Energy Systems**
- 🚌 **Mobility Systems**
- 💧 **Water Systems**

More thematic areas are coming soon...

'Click through each of the five strategy cards below to explore the framework and circular economy case studies in more depth!'



This framework was developed in collaboration with ICLEI, Metabolic and Ellen MacArthur Foundation with support from the MAVA Foundation. Read more about it [here]( https://circulars.iclei.org/action-framework/). 



Circular City Actions Framework

An action-based framework for local governments working towards circular cities

Thematic Areas

City Stakeholders

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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      Who We Are Leadership, organization, and history   What We Do Projects, products, and services   Where We Work   Understanding Poverty Global data and statistics, research and publications, and topics in poverty and development   Work With Us Jobs, procurement, training, and events   COVID-19      

          Strategic Outcomes     Start Date Q4  2017   End Date     Funding Source partner   Actual Budget (USD) 824,000   Budget Percentage %   Actual Expenditure (USD)    Status Active   GGGI Share (USD)    Poverty and Gender Policy Markers    Name of Client (Lead/Prime implementer if GGGI is part of a consortium)    Participating Organization (Funding/donor)    Name of consortium members, if any    Thematic Area                The Kingdom of Morocco is acutely vulnerable to climate change and is prone to environmental constraints (water scarcity, land degradation, energy dependence, pollution, natural resource depletion). These increasing pressures are a catalyst for rural migration, further straining urban areas and their limited capacities and resources. Sixty one percent of Moroccans live in urban areas. Eight cities have a population of over 500,000 people, compared to three in 1985. It is expected that two thirds of Morocco’s population will be living in cities by 2020. Morocco’s economic and social development policies have been challenged to create jobs and reduce social and spatial disparities. Given these combined environmental and socio-economic factors, a paradigm shift is required to develop a sustainable and inclusive economy driven by the private sector and civil society. Key challenges are thus to foster inclusive green growth that addresses these risks and issues by creating an enabling environment for investment in environmental goods and services and unlocking financing to support Morocco’s transformation to a green economy.
The National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) is a policy framework adopted by the government in June 2017. It encompasses the vision stated in the National Charter for the Environment and Sustainable Development (CNEDD), and incorporates the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), as well as the Government of Morocco (GoM’s) recently adopted vision for advanced regionalization. The NSDS is a low-carbon development strategy that aims to coordinate the related objectives of all sectorial strategies and action plans. The agriculture, energy (including transportation), industrial processes, and waste (both solid and liquid) sectors together account for the largest sources of GHG emissions. The NDCs specify an unconditional mitigation target of a 17% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to a BAU scenario.
Additionally, both rural and urban development issues are emphasized in the NSDS, with a focus on conceptualizing territories as sustainable ecosystems. The NSDS prioritizes environmentally sensitive regions, and improving design, coordination and implementation of territorial interventions and rural-urban linkages. These examples provide a strong foundation for the GGGI Morocco country program, which encompasses green territorial development, the circular and social solidarity economy, and localizing the NSDS.   
       On November 23, 2015, the government of the Kingdom of Morocco and GGGI organized a partnership inception workshop and began collaborative work with a scoping analysis identifying areas for green growth in the priority sectors of water, waste, energy and agriculture. As a result of this scoping study, the focus of GGGI’s work in Morocco is to support the implementation of Morocco’s National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) and the development of the country’s green territories policy. GGGI is now in the process of finalizing its five-year Country Planning Framework (CPF) in close concertation with Morocco’s key institutional and in-country partners.
On October 24, 2017, during a workshop designed to deliver sustainable development at sub-national level, the Kingdom of Morocco and GGGI signed a Memorandum of Understanding to further strengthen cooperation between the two institutions.   
       PROJECT OUTPUTS FOR 2018
Two green city and territory implementation projects designed
National trainings on implementation of green cities development and financing green cities
Regional knowledge exchange on green cities developmentPROJECT OUTCOMES FOR 2018Government of Morocco (GoM) or relevant financier leverage finance for green city territorial projects     GGGI supports the Government of Morocco (GoM) in the creation of a model, low-carbon city by developing methodologies, action plans and implementation tools to establish green and socially inclusive cities and territories, and designing green territory projects for financing and implementation. The impact will be to fulfill part of Morocco’s NDC no. 9 which is to develop a model, low-carbon city centered on optimized energy, transport and waste management. To develop green territories, GGGI provides technical assistance to the GoM to improve energy efficiency, sustainable mobility and transportation, increase the rate of recycled materials through sorting-recycling-recovery in order to develop waste-to-resource and waste-to-energy opportunities, and increase the volume of wastewater treatment and reuse . Consequently, local capacities and data collection and analysis, will be strengthened and knowledge on green city development will be increased.   
 

Morocco

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Government of Morocco

Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)

To tackle the environmental challenges and building resilience for cities in Morocco, the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) supports the Government of Morocco in the creation of a low-carbon city model by developing methodologies, action plans and implementation tools to establish green and socially inclusive cities and territories by designing green territory projects for financing and implementation.

Rethink and develop green cities in Morocco

Article / Report

'Inform' increases the overall levels of awareness and builds the necessary skills and knowledge around the circular economy to foster long-term change.

Inform

Process waste into valuable industrial inputs or consumer products; distribute processed waste to users.

Process waste and ensure its re-entry into industry at its highest value

Slow strategies aim to keep materials in use for as long as possible, for example through design for durability and repairability. A more circular economy is also a slower one: materials, components, and products—and even buildings and infrastructure—that we lock in stocks are made to last. This will lower material demand in the long run, in essence also serving to narrow resource flows.

Slow

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Ensure that household and business waste is collected and appropriately sorted (by type, label, etc.) to allow for maximum recovery of value.


Collect and sort waste to facilitate recovery

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Businesses

Infrastructure

Incorporate extended use in project planning phases; create or update city policies to allow for extended use.


Design and regulate for separation and recovery

Producing and providing business and consumer goods and services

Goods and Services

'Manage' influences the use and function of physical and material elements within the urban environment. 

Manage

Providing water and sewage services, including water collection and distribution, water treatment systems and sewage treatment facilities

Water and Sewage

Account for the systems perspective during the design process, to use the right materials, to design for appropriate lifetime and to design for extended future use

Design for the future

Designing to enable multiple uses and lifecycles of a product and its materials

Design for cyclability

Develop infrastructure to support sustainable lifestyles

Contribution to social parity, or impact on social disparity

Equality

Providing public and private education and support services at any level or for any profession, and governmental and public administration services, including judicial, regulatory, and legislative activities, taxation, defence, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and the administration of government programmes

Education and Government Services

'Mobilise' sets the direction of and builds momentum towards long-term change, while also determining how this direction is determined and governed.

Mobilise

            Strategic Outcomes SO1 Reduced GHG emission, SO2 Creation of green jobs, SO3 Increased access to sustainable services    Start Date Q1  Jan 1 2019    End Date q1 Dec 31 2022    Funding Source Earmarked   Actual Budget (USD) 837,171   Budget Percentage 32%   Actual Expenditure (USD) 266,913   Status Active   GGGI Share (USD) 837,170   Poverty and Gender Policy Markers gender   Name of Client (Lead/Prime implementer if GGGI is part of a consortium) Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Senegal    Participating Organization (Funding/donor) Ministry of Environment, Climate & Sustainable Development of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg    Name of consortium members, if any    Thematic Area                Senegal has experienced a rapid pace of urbanization, influenced by the economic opportunities in urban centers. The population living in urban areas is expected to increase nearly 2.5% each year and reach 62% by 2025. In other words, Senegal will have 13.5 million urban dwellers by 2025. At present 45% of the country’s population of 15.3 million live in urban areas. This rapid pace of urbanization will severely test the national government and municipalities’ capacity to efficiently deliver basic urban services and management. 
Senegal already suffers from a chronic deficit of access to solid waste management services. The country produces over 2.4 million tons of solid waste per year, with a collection rate of 55%, below the sub-Saharan Africa average of 65%. Senegal’s national average waste production rate is 0.47kg per person per day which is higher than in larger and industrialized urban centers, such as Dakar where the production rate is nearly 0.60 kg per person per day. To make pilot secondary cities (Touba, Tivaouane, and Dakar) greener and cleaner, the project will promote efficient and affordable waste recycling and valorization business model. 
The project objective is thus to support Senegal’s efforts to implement three of the guidelines for the development of green cities, to achieve integrated and environmentally sustainable waste management and the acceleration of green secondary city development. The project will bring lasting impact in the lives of populations in Dakar, Thies and Diourbel through a range of interventions to improve efficiency in the whole cycle of waste management. The project will focus on three dimensions: i) plastic waste; ii) waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE); and iii) domestic wastewater. The project will contribute to strengthening national and sub-national/local (city level) green growth policy planning, financing and institutional frameworks. 
The project aligns with IO1. Strengthened national, sub-national and local green growth planning, financing and institutional frameworks, IO2. Increased green growth investment flows which enable partner governments to implement green growth policies; IO3. Improved multi-directional knowledge sharing and learning to empower local and external agents necessary to drive green growth processes in partner governments.    
       Impact: The climate impact of the project is the reduction of 616,000 tC0²eq reduction under 10 years period (average 61,600 tC0²eq reduction / annum), that will benefit 500,000 beneficiaries with the creation of 700 Green jobs cumulatively for the 3 dimensions of the projects over the 3-year period of the first phase of implementation. Over the 10-year lifetime of the infrastructures, the GHG emission reduction is estimated at 15 400 000 tC0²eq. 
Outcome: N/A 
Project Outputs completed in 2019:  
i. Green Growth Policies: 

Policy assignment: Situation assessment on the plastic waste value chain management completed. 
An official launch event and an annual planning workshop completed. 

ii.Green Investments:N/A
iii. Capacity Building and Knowledge Products:  

Peer-to-peer knowledge sharing and exchange visit with Luxembourg’s partners completed.
   
         
     
      Start Date Q3 20190601   Funding Source    Actual Budget (USD) 86,668   Status Complete   Thematic Area       View 

    
         

Africa

Senegal

Dakar

Région de Thiès

Diourbel

Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of Senegal

Ministry of Environment, Climate & Sustainable Development of Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

The GGGI aims&nbsp;to support Senegal’s efforts to achieve integrated and environmentally sustainable waste management and the acceleration of green secondary city development. The project will bring a lasting impact on the lives of populations in Dakar, Thies and&nbsp;Diourbel&nbsp;through a range of interventions to improve efficiency in the whole cycle of waste management. The project will focus on three dimensions:&nbsp; i) plastic wasteii) waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)iii) domestic wastewater. The project will contribute to strengthening national and sub-national/local (city-level) green growth policy planning, financing and institutional frameworks (GGGI,2021).

Development of collection and recovery of waste strategy in Senegal

Reduced use of fossil fuel energy sources and/or increased use of renewable energy

Reduce Energy Consumption

Providing electricity and gas services, including traditional and renewable energy generation, natural and manufactured gas and operating gas networks

Energy Utilities and Independent Power Producers

Do better with less by using and supporting infrastructure, processes and products that are designed to minimize material, water and energy use and waste generation from production to end of use


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Reduce

Ensure that infrastructure and built assets in the city are designed and upgraded to be as resource-efficient as possible.

Design infrastructure and the built environment for resource efficiency

Scalability

Participatory governance mechanisms

Energy efficiency means to use less energy to perform a function—that is, eliminating energy waste, a core strategy in a circular economy. Since 2015, global improvements in energy efficiency have been declining. Reversing this trend will be needed to achieve global climate and sustainability goals. Indeed, energy efficiency could deliver more than 40% of the reduction in global energy-related greenhouse gas emissions over the next 20 years ([IEA](https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-efficiency)). In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency can also help reduce energy extraction and imports and bring cost savings for households and industries.

Energy efficiency can be applied to a range of sectors, such as in buildings, energy generation, industry and mobility ([EESI](https://www.eesi.org/topics/energy-efficiency/description)). In buildings, energy efficiency can lead to the creation of zero-energy buildings. In regards to power generation, energy efficiency could mean smart grids for electric generation, distribution, and consumption. For mobility, energy efficiency could mean vehicles that require less fuel to cover the same distance as well as better rail and truck transportation. 

Cities can create energy efficiency programmes that involve both the public and private sector. Actions involving the private sector can be implemented in various forms, such as: regulations (e.g. setting energy efficiency standards in buildings), incentivisation (subsidising energy saving products) and informative campaigns (encouraging energy efficient behaviours). Actions involving the public sector may also be implemented in various forms, such as: public procurement standards (e.g. energy efficient power generation equipment), retrofitting public buildings (e.g. improving insulation) and upgrading energy inefficient infrastructure (e.g. replacing lighting with more energy efficient alternatives such as LED street lighting). These programmes generally have goals and timelines in which the actions are intended to be taken.


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⚡  Energy efficiency improvement programmes

In Burkina Faso, low-cost and inefficient air conditioning units are commonly sold and has an increasing demand due to increasing urbanisation: 32% in 2018, forecast to reach 35% by 2026, and real estate sector development (7.5% per year). The Government of Burkina Faso is committed to reduce energy demand and enhance energy efficiency in the housing sector by decreasing GHG emissions from the cooling of the residential housing sector in cities. This will be achieved through the implementation of architectural and structural solutions in the National Housing Program for 40,000 Housing Units, with the potential to scale up the solutions in housing developments across the country.