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Circle Economy and ICLEI have partnered up to initiate the go to knowledge hub of case studies about the circular economy in cities. The Cities Collection is a repository of case studies that demonstrate the role of cities in the circular transition, and includes policies, business cases and research articles. Cases in the Collection flow into an ecosystem of digital products which support users in transitioning cities to circularity, for example [Ganbatte](https://ganbatte.world/cities/) and <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/" target="_blank">ICLEI Circulars</a>, both part of the <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/circle-lab-for-cities/" target = _blank">Circle Lab for Cities Programme.</a>




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Circular Cities

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Policy case

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Extracting resources and processing them to produce materials for use bysociety

Materials and Fuels

Producing transporation equipment and providing services for thetransportation of goods and people

Transportation and Logistics

Societal Services

Producing building materials and providing services to create residential and non-residential infrastructure and real estate


Construction and Infrastructure

Designing products so they use as little materials, water, energy, etc. as possible during use

Design for resource efficiency

Biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste can be used as an energy source for cooking, lighting and generate electricity, replacing thus other fuels. Moreover, the treatment of organic waste alleviates the solid waste crisis in urban and peri-urban area if the developing world.


Use biogas

Locally produced food has to travel shorter, which means less fuel is consumed and less greenhouse gases are generated. Moreover, buying locally produced food helps local farmers and markets and creates more jobs in the local businesses. 


Produce locally

Other

Roadmaps and strategies and targets

Compact city development

High-level changes to policy and practice (such as taxation systems, investment and procurement guidelines and criteria) that disincentivize activities that perpetuate linear economic systems, as well as vision-setting (goals, roadmaps) to catalyze
action on circularity across the city

Eliminate linear incentives and set goals and incentives for circularity

The demand for transport is rising globally—but current modes are heavily material- and fossil-fuels-intensive. Emissions from the transport system could grow by 60% by 2050, and transport is the number-one user of oil worldwide. GHG emissions result not only in warming global temperatures, but also in ocean acidification, which has severe consequences for entire ecosystems and further destabilises our climate. The transport system also drives land-use change and biodiversity loss through the development of infrastructure—also releasing harmful pollutants into the ocean. Key circular solutions:

- Embrace and enable car-free lifestyles
- Invest in high-quality public transport
- Rethink unnecessary air travel
- Electrify remaining vehicles

🚌 Mobility Systems

Governments

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

Urban Opportunities

The Circular City Actions Framework provides urban changemakers with five complementary strategies they can use to start working towards a more circular system. 

The framework is action-based to provide users with concrete strategic directions and showcase the desired outcomes of each strategy. 
The framework consists of five complementary **strategies**, under which **sub-strategies** provide further detail. Finally, each sub-strategy consists of a diversity of tangible **solutions** which are framed in relation to key thematic areas. 

Note: solutions are currently focused on:
- 🍏 **Food systems**
- 🏢  **Built environment**
- 👕📱  **Consumer goods**
- ⚡ **Energy Systems**
- 🚌 **Mobility Systems**
- 💧 **Water Systems**

More thematic areas are coming soon...

'Click through each of the five strategy cards below to explore the framework and circular economy case studies in more depth!'



This framework was developed in collaboration with ICLEI, Metabolic and Ellen MacArthur Foundation with support from the MAVA Foundation. Read more about it [here]( https://circulars.iclei.org/action-framework/). 



Circular City Actions Framework

An action-based framework for local governments working towards circular cities

Thematic Areas

City Stakeholders

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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SummaryThrough a comprehensive multi-stakeholder consultation process, the Urban-LEDS 
City of Bogor reviewed its existing spatial planning frameworks and integrated low 

emissions development (LEDS) principles into its 5-year mid-term Development Plan 

(RPJMD). The RPJMD, which speaks to Bogor's determination to strategically implement 

LEDS, prioritizes: introducing integrated low-emission transportation systems that 
emphasize pedestrians and cyclists; establishing city-wide waste management 
schemes and facilities; the development of green building standards to accelerate 
the use of low emission development technologies, materials, and design strategies; 
improving spatial planning and urban development projects to reduce vulnerability 
to climate-related risks; and enhancing  accessibility and user-friendliness of urban 

facilities in general, in order to improve overall quality of life.
Conducting a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) proved to be a helpful policy 
tool for the process of integrating LEDS principles and activities into the city™s 5-year 

development planning, and doing so in a participatory manner. 
Bogor™s key achievements through the Urban-LEDS project included the collaborative 
elaboration of the above-mentioned planning documents (the SEA and 5-year 

Development Plan that incorporated LED principles and activities as well as budgeting 




development principles. 
From 'Rain City' to Low Emission Development ChampionBogor, formerly known as Buitenzorg, is located inland in a mountainous region of 
West Java, 60 kilometers south of Jakarta. The city is home to just over one million 




center, and has since reinvented itself as a tourism hub with a wealth of historical and 
cultural heritage. For centuries, Bogor has been known as "the Rain City" because of 

frequent precipitation, including during the dry season. 
Bogor is among the fastest growing cities in Indonesia due to its strategic location 
neighboring the capital. As a rapidly urbanizing city, Bogor faces numerous challenges, 

including controlling urban sprawl and the rapid deployment of infrastructure and 








Bogor, IndonesiaEmbedding a low emissions approach into the municipal 5-year development planPopulation / Land area
1,220,000 (2013) / 118.5 km²  
Municipal budget 

USD 11.8 Million (2014)
Greenhouse gas inventory Yes, since 2014
ICLEI Case Studies186March 2016Facts & Figures2services to keep pace with population growth. Other major challenges facing the city 
include:
walking, cycling and public transportation options
 Providing a city-wide waste management scheme and evenly distributed collection 
facilities Discordant building standards with no common set of green building guidelines
 No recent urban spatial planning framework to account for urban growth and 

ensure cross-sectoral low emission development (LED) planning



years. Through the Urban-LEDS project, the Model City of Bogor has set itself on a 

low-emission trajectory through prudent urban planning to guarantee long-term 

sustainable development. 
Data-driven priority setting: Bogor™s GHG performance inventory 
At the onset of the Urban-LEDS project, Bogor had a clear vision to become an 

environmentally friendly city. Prior to revising the City™s urban planning framework, 







following page), reveals that the majority of the city™s community-scale to
tal emissions 
of 2,632,687 tons CO2e result from the transportation, residential and manufacturing 
sectors. Photo 1: Bogor City is situated in the shadow of a giant, the dormant Gunung Salak volcano 
3Leveraging existing policies for low-carbon planning   
been an avid supporter of the city™s transition towards a green economy using a low-

emission development approach.  In his inauguration speech, he shared his vision to 


was the vanguard of the Mayor™s inaugural agenda. 
Key national policies supported the expedition of this priority, namely the Indonesian 


Regent, or Mayor shall conduct a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as a basis 

to develop their long-term and mid-term development plan, in order to reduce the 


Stakeholder engagement for the Strategic Environmental Assessment




design Bogor's Strategic Environment Assessment (SEA) for the RPJMD. Key local and 


environmental assessment data collection, stakeholder mapping and simple 

guidance for data analysis. 
 Ministry of Environment and Forestry: Environment and Forestry were mandated 
to assess strategic issues including climate mitigation and adaptation in the 
strategic environmental assessment for the RPJMD. Furthermore, this Ministry 

provides the linkage between national and local SEA elaborations.


leadership and support to the working group on incorporating the LEDS principle 

and climate mitigation action into the RPJMD. 
Graph 1: Bogor's municipal GHG 
inventory, broken down by sector. 
Total: 2,632,687 tons CO
2e 
4 City of Bogor, Planning Agency: As the main focal point and the leader of the 


relevant working units. Additionally, as a of member of the municipal budgeting 

committee, the Planning Agency was able to ensure that LEDS activities were 

advocated for. 


on, and develops clear analysis for, emission factors. 

selling and using to develop analysis model on emission in transportation sector.
 Perusahaan Listrik Negara: The state-owned electricity enterprise provides data 

on electricity using on develop analysis models on emissions in building and 

residential sector.
decision-making framework to ensure the inclusion of LED and resilience into urban 
policies and plans. Although the SEA is recognized as an important urban planning and 
policy instrument at the national and sub-national levels, the majority of Indonesian 

local governments lack the capacity to implement a SEA. Under the Urban-LEDS project, the City collaborated with the Danish Embassy for 
International Development Cooperation under the Indonesian-Danish Environmental 

Support Program (Danida ESP3 Program). This Cooperation works closely with the 

Indonesian Ministry of Environment to help cities and local governments develop 
their SEA. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry, through unit member Professor 


the linkage between national and local SEA elaboration. 
 Photo 2: The SEA multi-stakeholder 
working group hard at work. 
5Pinpointing Priorities & Analyzing Outcomes






were developed in previous focus-group discussions.  

and interviews in parallel with the workshops to collect baseline information and data. 

Once baseline information was gathered in collaboration with a SEA consultant, the 
City working group conducted a coordinated exercise to verify the information and 
enhance the data quality.  This was performed in cooperation with all stakeholders 

relevant to reducing municipal emissions, including the City Planning Agency, 





data collected from municipal reports, documents, other academic publications, and 


After compiling the results from this analysis, the ICLEI project team conducted a 
workshop with the City™s working group to verify the research results and facilitate a 

discussion among all stakeholders. 
Budget and Financing

by the European Commission, funding was made available for training, capacity 

building, and the dissemination of documented information, with the overall aim of 

making Bogor a ﬁModel Cityﬂ for low emission urban development.



exchanges with Indonesian, South African, Brazilian, Indian and European cities.
Photo 3: Urban nature in the Rain City6ResultsBy combining the expertise of technical departments and keeping the political 
dimension involved, the project ensured that the LED priorities were incorporated 



750 Million IDR (ca. USD 57,000) each year until 2019 for climate mitigation and 

adaptation activities. Some interventions have already been implemented, including: 
the non-motorized transport program; energy saving measures undertaken by 
passing a memorandum concerning the regulated use of air-conditioners; and a city 
government-owned bus running on cooking oil which is used to transport employees; 

government strongly adheres to LEDS principles and recognizes the importance of 

implementing demonstration projects. 



to the Mayor, and became the initial framework document for discussions led by 

municipal urban development consultative body, the Musrembang.
Table 1: 
LED actions and initiatives which impacted Bogor's 5-year PlanPolicy Mission Number 3 of the City, 2014, includes: introduction of integrated low-
emission transportation systems that prioritize pedestrians and cyclists; 
 5-Year Development Plan (RPJMD), 2014: transforming the city™s urban 
development through a low emission development strategy and strengthening 
the city™s adaptive capacity to climate change related risks
 City Regulation on Waste Management, 2016: strengthening the City's capacity 
to operate a sustainable waste management system based on the reduce, reuse 
and recycle method Regulation Incorporation of low carbon initiatives into the Bogor City Government™s 2015 budget
 Formulation of  the ﬁMayoral Decreeﬂ identifying 7 practical LED steps to be 

implemented (still in progress as of August 2016)










such as turning lamps off during the daytime and not using air conditioning 

before 11 AM
 The City™s Sustainable Building Standard, comprising Mayoral Decree and 
technical guidelines (still in progress as of August 2016).
Fiscal Budget allocation for GHG Inventory every year from 2015 to 2019
 Budget allocation for Bus Rapid Transit corridor 

Governance Mayor Decree on the establishment of an LED Working Group to coordinate 

climate change mitigation efforts across municipal departments.
Stakeholder engagment 
 Public consultation for Musrembang stakeholders included: Ciliwung merdeka, 
Kota Pusaka, P4W, Bike to Work, Pertamina, Hiswanamigas, Paguyupan 
Kampung Tengah, Telapak,  Satu Dunia
 Stakeholders involved in multi-sectoral focus group discussions: Ciliwung 
merdeka, Kota Pusaka, P4W, Bike to Work, Pertamina, Hiswanamigas, 

Paguyupan Kampung Tengah, Telapak,  Satu Dunia
Raising awareness
 The engagement of staff for the SEA process and the RPJMD increased 


and other low emission development principles
7Lessons Learned 
urban LEDS in the city™s 5-year Development Plan was not realized overnight. Several 



 
enabling environment for data sharing and introduce changes to the status quo. 
 The joint collaboration between the Danish and Indonesian Ministries to conduct 





the Regional Planning Board with integrating Bogor's previous urban development 
plans with the new Low Emission Development plan. Additionally, a designated 




and adaptation action plan. 
 Political commitment and mandate for inter-departmental coordination is key. 
Recognizing that urban development is a cross-cutting concern, the Mayor enacted a 
decree to establish an Urban-LEDS working group as a coordinating body to facilitate 

inter-departmental cooperation. Because Bogor has been host to the Indonesian 



environmental policies as a result of data-driven priority setting. The Mayor™s 

leadership resulted in a strong wave of international support from organizations and 

networks such as ICLEI, further stimulating Bogor to pursue environmentally sound 


for management of climate-related disasters.Photo 4: The Presidential Palace in Bogor is home to the Indonesian President's Office
"2013 to 2015 were 
milestone years for Bogor 
in improving the city™s low emission development strategy. We have a strong commitment and good planning to continue and improve the 
implementation of LEDS 
in Bogor as part of the support to the Indonesian 
national emission reduction 
commitmentﬂ.- Mayor Bima Arya 






street lighting to light-emitting diodes (LEDs), as well as replacing the traditional light 
bulbs with LEDs in heritage buildings. 
Replication The processes used by the City of Bogor are relevant to other local governments 

government departments and energy suppliers by involving the Mayor and senior 
managers in the early stages of Urban-LEDS should be emulated wherever possible. 
Performing an emissions analysis and Strategic Environmental Assessment are steps 
which can be followed by other Indonesian city governments wanting to include low 

carbon options in their development planning, providing that funding is available. 
Further Reading About the Urban-LEDS ProjectKey ContactsBogor City Government  
Mayor Bima Arya

http://bappeda.kotabogor.go.id
Komplek Rasuna Epicentrum
Jl. Taman Rasuna Selatan, 
KuninganDKI Jakarta, 12960Indonesia
iclei-indonesia@iclei.orgICLEI World Secretariat (WS)
Kaiser-Friedrich-Str. 7
53113 Bonn, Germany

Tel. +49-228 / 97 62 99-00

Fax +49-228 / 97 62 99-01urban-leds@iclei.orghttp://urbanleds.iclei.org/Acknowledgements Author: Irvan Palungan; Country Manager, Indonesia; 

ICLEI Southeast Asia
Editors: Lucy Price, Low Carbon Cities & Michael 

Woodbridge, Urban Research, 

ICLEI World Secretariat
Photographs: All photos 
property of Bogor City Government or ICLEIThis series of local case studies is produced within the Urban-LEDS project funded 

objective of enhancing and the transition to low emission urban development in 
emerging economy countries.They represent solely the views of the authors and cannot in any circumstances be 
The Urban-LEDS project, funded by the European 


ICLEI, has the objective of enhancing the transition 

to low emission urban development in emerging 

economy countries. Selected local governments in Brazil, India, 
Indonesia and South Africa a comprehensive 



methodology) to integrate low-carbon strategies 

into all sectors of urban planning and development.


Bogor Regency

ICLEI

City government of Bogor

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<p>Following a comprehensive multi-stakeholder consultation effort, the Urban- LEDS City of Bogor reviewed its existing spatial planning frameworks and strategically integrated low emission development into its 5-year Development Plan. A comprehensive Strategic Environment Assessment also increased awareness and efforts across the city government for energy efficiency and other low emissions development working areas.</p><p>The&nbsp;5-year mid-term Development Plan (RPJMD), which speaks to Bogor's determination to strategically implement LEDS, prioritizes: introducing integrated low-emission transportation systems that emphasize pedestrians and cyclists; establishing city-wide waste management schemes and facilities; the development of green building standards to accelerate the use of low emission development technologies, materials, and design strategies; improving spatial planning and urban development projects to reduce vulnerability to climate-related risks; and enhancing accessibility and user-friendliness of urban facilities in general, in order to improve overall quality of life.</p>