Article / Report

Utilise bio-based, reusable, non-toxic and non-critical materials

Regenerative materials

 Spatial Planning

Engage with the local community where facilities or offices are located

Community collaboration

Regenerate strategies phase out hazardous or toxic materials and processes and substitute them with regenerative biomass resources. A circular economy aims to mimic natural cycles—by shifting to more regenerative farming practices, for example—while also maximising the share of circular biomass that enters the economy. Regeneration can happen both at the systems level (by designing regenerative processes) as well as at the product level (by switching synthetic to organic fertilisers, for example).

Regenerate

Develop infrastructure to support sustainable lifestyles

Efficiency gains on operations or transactions either through cultural or technological shifts

Productivity

Impact on the health and happiness of human populations

Well-being

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

Impacts

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Bogor Regency

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Municipality of Bogor

Large and populous urban areas, such as Bogor City, often struggle with the lack of green space, which could contribute to agricultural activities to provide for the residents. This study explains how and where these potential urban agricultural green spaces should be located in Bogor, involving spatial mapping as well as the opinion of the community. If the recommendations for implementing these green agricultural areas would turn into reality, economic and welfare growth is expected for the city and its locals.

Study of Urban Agriculture in Bogor City

Conduct research

As cities have expanded, they have conventionally pushed space for agricultural activities to the peripheries and surrounding rural areas, and have become reliant on globalised supply chains. Cities can nevertheless have a home for organic urban and peri-urban agriculture. 

Organic urban and peri-urban agriculture refers to production of food that happens either in or near the city. It includes organic farming at any scale, and can also refer to small holders, various forms of private urban farming initiatives, and community initiatives (vegetable gardens). Organic urban and peri-urban agriculture can support food security in the city, boost biodiversity, as well as stimulate local economies and community participation.

A local government may stimulate and enable organic urban and peri-urban agriculture by making spaces in and near the city available for markets, growing spaces and waste processing through spatial planning. Communities may be engaged through the use of making information and tooling available, alongside making spaces in neighbourhoods available and accessible to different people through spatial planning. Local governments can support local food services businesses in sourcing and obtaining locally grown organic crops. 


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🍏  Organic urban and peri-urban agriculture

Contributing to the improvement of biodiversity including species diversity, total number of protected species, and ecosystem health

Biodiversity

Includes measures that protect and enhance ecosystems and biodiversity both within and beyond city boundaries, as well as actions to restore degraded ecosystems.


Protect and restore local ecosystems

The food system nourishes populations and employs 50% of the global workforce, but:
- it currently drives a quarter of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its greenhouse gas (GHG) production, 
- animal farming alone uses over one-quarter of all land, equivalent to the size of the Americas,
- nearly a quarter of freshwater resources are lost due to rampant food waste, and
- it is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss.

A circular food system must address the whole value chain, from production to consumption to waste management. The four key solutions for the food system are:
- Put healthier, satiating foods first: Prioritise satiating and healthy foods with a lower environmental impact—ideally shifting calories from meat, fish, and dairy towards cereals, fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
- Go local, seasonal, and organic: Prioritise the production and consumption of local, seasonal, and organic produce (sometimes in combination with GMO to reduce pests and disease loss on crops), which can lead to a significantly reduced need for chemical inputs, fuels, and processing services that contribute to environmental impacts.
- Mainstream regenerative agriculture: Scale up agricultural practices that regenerate ecosystems, recirculate nutrients and sequester carbon by design. 
- End avoidable food waste: Minimise food loss and valorise waste following the food waste hierarchy along the supply chain and at the consumer level through better management of transport and storage, more refrigeration and smart planning, and technology at the consumer and food service levels.



🍏 Food Systems

Communities

Governments

Thematic Areas

City Stakeholders

The Circular City Actions Framework provides urban changemakers with five complementary strategies they can use to start working towards a more circular system. 

The framework is action-based to provide users with concrete strategic directions and showcase the desired outcomes of each strategy. 
The framework consists of five complementary **strategies**, under which **sub-strategies** provide further detail. Finally, each sub-strategy consists of a diversity of tangible **solutions** which are framed in relation to key thematic areas. 

Note: solutions are currently focused on:
- 🍏 **Food systems**
- 🏢  **Built environment**
- 👕📱  **Consumer goods**
- ⚡ **Energy Systems**
- 🚌 **Mobility Systems**
- 💧 **Water Systems**

More thematic areas are coming soon...

'Click through each of the five strategy cards below to explore the framework and circular economy case studies in more depth!'



This framework was developed in collaboration with ICLEI, Metabolic and Ellen MacArthur Foundation with support from the MAVA Foundation. Read more about it [here]( https://circulars.iclei.org/action-framework/). 



Circular City Actions Framework

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An action-based framework for local governments working towards circular cities

Following Bogor City's Green City initiative, incorporating urban farming into the city planning is proposed. Urban farming would benefit the city and its resident by improving landscape quality, by providing aesthetic green space and plants, ecological quality, by contributing plant diversity and social quality of the community, since the farmer groups are proven to be a means for people to interact with each other. The study contains recommendations about maintaining land and agricultural work by proposing 7 landscape management strategies that can be carried out with macro-management by the Bogor City government and micromanagement by the South Bogor District farmer groups.

Proposing urban farming for more sustainable Bogor City

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Circle Economy and ICLEI have partnered up to initiate the go to knowledge hub of case studies about the circular economy in cities. The Cities Collection is a repository of case studies that demonstrate the role of cities in the circular transition, and includes policies, business cases and research articles. Cases in the Collection flow into an ecosystem of digital products which support users in transitioning cities to circularity, for example [Ganbatte](https://ganbatte.world/cities/) and <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/" target="_blank">ICLEI Circulars</a>, both part of the <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/circle-lab-for-cities/" target = _blank">Circle Lab for Cities Programme.</a>

Circular Cities

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Policy case

Eliminate waste by maximizing the recovery of resources at the end of the use phase so that they can be reintroduced into production processes


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Recover

Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Includes a variety of actions (e.g. campaigns, information sharing, public events) that encourage city residents and visitors to build sustainable practices into their daily lives

Enable sustainable lifestyles

Cycle strategies aim to cycle and reuse materials at their highest value: they maximise the volume of secondary materials re-entering the economy, ultimately minimising the need for virgin material inputs and therefore also narrowing flows. Of course, virgin materials will always be needed to a degree: all materials degrade and can’t be cycled infinitely, use energy, and require blending with virgin materials to maintain strength and functionality.

Cycle

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Ensure that household and business waste is collected and appropriately sorted (by type, label, etc.) to allow for maximum recovery of value.


Collect and sort waste to facilitate recovery

Reuse, repurpose, and recycle waste streams within other industries

Valorise waste streams - open loop

Redesign systems to lay the foundation for circular activities and enable the transition to a circular economy 

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Rethink

Site planning for circular material use

Reuse, repurpose, and recycle waste streams within the same industry

Valorise waste streams - closed loop

Develop infrastructure to support resource cycling

Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

Industries

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The Bogor city government has been managing its waste problem by developing temporary community dump sites that also act as recycling centres. These disposal sites can reduce 5.2 tons of waste through recycling and 8.2 tons altogether each day, however since the city produces 700 tons of waste per day, these efforts still need more momentum for large scale change. The sites convert waste to compost and since locals run it, it is targeted to help to increase awareness and ownership in regards to sustainable waste disposal. However, in many areas, citizens still do not sort their own waste, therefore, these recycling centres are struggling to increase their impact. Since waste sorting is not a part of the local culture, it is not a priority for many people and they are reluctant to change their habits, meaning that further initiatives will be needed in the future.

Community waste disposal sites and recycling centres help Bogor manage waste

Cities consume about 75% of global energy and emit between 50% and 60% of global greenhouse gases (UN-Habitat). To reduce the negative impact of their energy consumption, cities need to shift away from fossil fuels and move towards renewable energy sources. Such a shift will help cities work towards their climate change mitigation and adaptation action plans. Renewable energy technologies such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal can also help improve access to energy in vulnerable and marginalised neighbourhoods through, for example, decentralised, off-grid solutions.

Renewable energy technologies can harvest the energy in nature’s processes, such as wind, and solar radiation and geothermal heat, that can be replenished within a human lifespan. In contrast, fossil fuels are materials that are not replenished within a human lifespan and are combusted for energy, losing the fuel material and resulting in emissions.

Local governments can develop sustainable energy plans, considering different energy resources and requirements, to develop a robust strategy for the development of renewable energy technologies and infrastructure throughout the city. They can also institute specific legislation and tax systems to regulate energy production and consumption, incentivise research and development of cleaner, more efficient technologies. Via Power Purchase Agreements cities can buy renewable energy from green energy providers and fix the price in order to provide security to financial institutions to finance renewable energy infrastructure. Furthermore, increasing awareness and facilitating capacity-building on planning urban sustainable energy projects can help the uptake of clean energy across the city by different stakeholders—from citizens to businesses and institutions. Facilitating collaboration, then, will be crucial, since private companies operate most of the world’s energy systems.


⚡ Energy Systems

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Develop regenerative infrastructure

High-level changes to policy and practice (such as taxation systems, investment and procurement guidelines and criteria) that disincentivize activities that perpetuate linear economic systems, as well as vision-setting (goals, roadmaps) to catalyze
action on circularity across the city

Eliminate linear incentives and set goals and incentives for circularity

Circular use of public-owned assets (land, buildings and equipment)

Engage with the government on circular policies and programmes

Government collaboration

Reduced use of fossil fuel energy sources and/or increased use of renewable energy

Reduce Energy Consumption

Visions and Ambitions

Producing transporation equipment and providing services for thetransportation of goods and people

Transportation and Logistics

The demand for transport is rising globally—but current modes are heavily material- and fossil-fuels-intensive. Emissions from the transport system could grow by 60% by 2050, and transport is the number-one user of oil worldwide. GHG emissions result not only in warming global temperatures, but also in ocean acidification, which has severe consequences for entire ecosystems and further destabilises our climate. The transport system also drives land-use change and biodiversity loss through the development of infrastructure—also releasing harmful pollutants into the ocean. Key circular solutions:

- Embrace and enable car-free lifestyles
- Invest in high-quality public transport
- Rethink unnecessary air travel
- Electrify remaining vehicles

🚌 Mobility Systems

Replace energy sources with less impactful alternatives and enact energy efficiency measures

Regenerative energy

Bogor Municipality Government's mission is to be a sustainable city, specifically by improving multiple governing areas such as the quality of spatial planning, quality of carrying capacity, including reducing the levels of pollution, developing mass urban transportation, cycling initiatives, better management of disaster risk and climate change mitigation and better solid waste services. Their plan is broken down to various important steps on the way and includes the community's participation. Their Low Carbon Strategy entails more efficient energy and land use, touching upon low emission agriculture, and better solid waste and wastewater management. Challenges remain throughout the policy, especially regarding technological and capacity constraints.

Bogor Municipality's plan to achieve a sustainable city

Raise awareness and run information campaigns about  strategies for and impacts of the circular economy in different contexts.

Communication and awareness

United Nations Centre for Regional Development

Urban Management Programme - Asia

This report discusses the outcomes of a pilot project on Solid Waste Neighbourhood Self-Management (SWNSM) in Bogor. It regards shifting solid waste management from 'inadequate centralisation' into more practicable divisions. A key component of this approach is the implementation of recycling, reusing, and composting. The project's objective is to highlight possibilities for applying the system in a wider area, including other cities in Indonesia. Recommendations from this case study include further development of the SWNSM system, improvements in implementation, and expansion of the programme to a wider area.&nbsp;Additionally, the report touches upon that there is a significant public demand to "get the message out" on such issues as to why composting, waste minimization and recycling are needed, how to implement composting, waste minimization, and recycling programmes in businesses and schools. Education is a key element of success in waste management.

Solid Waste Neighbourhood Self-Management in Bogor

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Bogor

In Bogor, Indonesia a substantial waste cooking oil from households is being disposed to drainage and soil causing environmental damages of water and soil pollutions, as well as an increase in GHG emission. After reviewing a cooking oil recycling program in the city, this research concludes that due to technical and economical constraints, the programme did not necessarily encourage governments for further recycling activities.

Cooking oil recycling programme is unsuccessful to encourage Bogor's government to continue 

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Starter Kit collection

Business case

'Mobilise' sets the direction of and builds momentum towards long-term change, while also determining how this direction is determined and governed.

Mobilise

Economic Frameworks

Scalability

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Utilise waste streams as a source of secondary resources and recover waste for reuse and recycling

Use waste as a resource

Recover waste energy or generate fuels and energy from waste streams

Energy recovery from waste

Infrastructure

Roadmaps and strategies and targets

Impact on the ease of innovation, and facilitating uptake of innovations

Innovation

Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

'Incentivise' sends market signals and support to businesses, citizens and governments to promote certain activities.

Incentivise

Direct and indirect effects that increase revenues or the potential for new revenues, for example from new products, customer segments, partnerships or business models

Revenue Potential

Public-private partnerships

Societal Services

Businesses

Impacts on the financial condition of a company, as well as the the economicconditions of its stakeholders and on economic systems at local, national, andglobal levels.

Economic Impact

Processing waste streams into fuels such as biogas, biofuels, pellets, etc.

Processing waste into fuel

'Manage' influences the use and function of physical and material elements within the urban environment. 

Manage

Mixed household waste - consisting of textiles, electronics, organic and other consumer goods - can be contaminated and difficult to separate, and hence limit the  recovery of materials and value.

Source separation reduces the upstream sorting cost and ensures that downstream recyclers receive clean feedstock, thus improving their ability to capture the value from post-consumer material streams. Source separation systems can take a variety of forms, such as providing a distributed network of collection points throughout a city for residents to drop off various types of waste materials. The most successful examples of this include: collection of electronics, plastics, waste oil, fabrics, metals, bulky goods, paper, cardboard, batteries, amongst others.

Local governments can support the implementation of the solution by developing and providing the necessary infrastructure throughout the city or engage in public-private partnerships to provide source separation systems. What is more, information campaigns can help to inform residents on which types of consumer goods can be recovered, and the most effective means of disposal. 


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👕📱  Source separation and collection systems for consumer goods 

       Bogor, W Java (ANTARA) - The Bogor city administration gave its approval to a foreign investment plan to build plastic waste-to-oil facilities in the final disposal site (TPA) in Galuga Village of Bogor District, West Java. Bogor Mayor Bima Arya here, Wednesday, spoke of having inked a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the British recycling company Plastic Energy Limited to process plastic waste at the Galuga disposal site. The London-based company will require approval from both the Bogor district and Bogor city administrations to build the plant. Arya noted that the approval for building a plastic waste recycling plant is in accordance with the city's program of "Botak," or Bogor with no-plastic bags, to minimize the use of plastic bags in the city. The Bogor mayor on Tuesday (Jan 28) has met with a representative of the British company Kirk Evans at the city hall. Evans noted at the meeting that his company had the technology to transform plastic waste into diesel oil through the process of pyrolysis. The plastic waste supply would be sourced from TPA Galuga in Bogor District that collected all types of waste from Jakarta, Bogor District, and Bogor City. The company was planning to build five waste-to-fuel plants costing $40 million each across West Java. Each plant is expected to daily process 70 tons of low-grade plastic waste, including plastic bags and wrappers, and convert it to fuel. For every ton of plastic waste, the plant can produce 860 liters of fuel, comprising 80 percent diesel and 20 percent naphtha. Arya recently revealed that Bogor City produces 600 tons of waste per day, of which 13 percent is plastic waste. EDITED BY INE                                                                                                                                

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To minimize plastic waste, Bogor local government signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with British recycling company, Plastic Energy Limited, to build plastic waste-to-oil facility in the final disposal site in Galuga Village. It is expected that for every ton of plastic waste processed, 860 litres of fuel will be produced.