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Rampant material extraction is pushing the ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to their limits. Over 11% of global raw materials are extracted within the region, yet it represents only about 8% of the world's population.

[*The Circularity Gap Report* (CGR) Latin America and the Caribbean](https://www.circularity-gap.world/lac), a first of its kind, demonstrates how the region can leverage the circular economy to tackle systemic inefficiencies in satisfying societal needs, conserve its unique natural wealth, and improve its people’s well-being.

To devise pathways for a circular transition, the report analysed the sectors where circular interventions could yield the most positive impact—environmentally, economically, and socially. This entails shifting to a circular food system, building a circular built environment, advancing circular manufacturing, transforming the energy system, reducing waste generation, and improve waste cycling.

[Circle Economy](https://www.circle-economy.com/) is a global impact organisation with an international team of passionate experts based in Amsterdam. We empower industries, cities, and nations with practical and scalable solutions to put the circular economy into action. Our vision is an economic system that ensures the planet and all people can thrive. To avoid climate breakdown, our goal is to double global circularity by 2032. Through the Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative, our mission is to deliver Circularity Metrics that measure the state of the global and national economy and identify key levers to transition to circularity. 

Latin America Collection

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Policy case

Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Producing agricultural products and processing them into food and beverageproducts for consumption

Agri/Food

Utilise waste streams as a source of secondary resources and recover waste for reuse and recycling

Use waste as a resource

Reuse, repurpose, and recycle waste streams within the same industry

Valorise waste streams - closed loop

Collection programmes that process products and parts for reuse or recycling within the same industry

Closed loop collection

Transforming waste products, materials for reuse within the same industry

Closed loop upcycling

Awareness raising events

Develop infrastructure to support resource cycling

Grow countries globally account for 55% of all raw material extraction and 52% of the material footprint, while housing around 37% of the global population.

These are larger Southeast Asian countries and countries in Latin America and Northern Africa, as well as those with an economy in transition in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia.

Examples include :
- China
- Indonesia
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Vietnam
- Myanmar
- Egypt, ...

Large contribution to the overshoot of planetary boundaries—largely due to the consumptions of local materials in higher-
income (Shift) countries: these countries contribute 50% of climate change, 62% of nitrogen, 60% of phosphorus, 53% of freshwater use and 42% of land use change.

To find out what country profile your country belongs to, explore [this interactive story](https://circularity-gap.world) and search for your country on the final map.

Grow

Local government

Cycle strategies aim to cycle and reuse materials at their highest value: they maximise the volume of secondary materials re-entering the economy, ultimately minimising the need for virgin material inputs and therefore also narrowing flows. Of course, virgin materials will always be needed to a degree: all materials degrade and can’t be cycled infinitely, use energy, and require blending with virgin materials to maintain strength and functionality.

Cycle

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policies

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

Whilst no two countries are the same, there are still obvious similarities between some of them, with discernible development patterns and parallels in evidence. Common problems and shared solutions help place unique country identities and individual issues in context.

Whilst this classification is far from clear-cut and exhibits some overlap, it does underline how the discourse on transitioning to a circular economy needs to account for both differences and commonalities, if we are to arrive at a more strategic and instructive analysis. It also allows to highlight a set of key themes that are likely to be central to the countries that fall under the respective profiles. 

Country profiles (Build, Grow, Shift)

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A framework to distinguish between different country profiles and their circular transition needs.

Browse case studies by type of implementing stakeholder.

Implementing stakeholders

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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In Brazil, Latin America’s largest country in terms of population, the City of Sao Paulo is committed to recycle organics. In 2015, the City embarked on a journey towards separate collection of organics, thus enabling the production of high-quality compost.Modern municipal solid waste (MSW) management aims to reduce the amounts of waste disposed to minimise environmental burden. Separate collection and recycling of organic waste can significantly contribute to achieve targets of mitigating short-lived climate pollutants (SLPC) like methane emissions and reducing leachate. In cities that send MSW mainly unsorted to landfills (or dumpsites), the reduction of organic waste through composting represents a key element in waste management, with the additional capability of producing organic fertilisers and renewable fuelsOrganic Waste in Sao PauloSao Paulo is a metropolitan city with almost 12 million inhabitants. The MSW management practice currently comprises collection, transportation, and final disposal without any pre-treatment into two sanitary landfills with biogas capture. But even with a state of art landfill design, incorporating capture of biogas, substantial amounts of methane will still escape to the atmosphere and contribute to global warming.In 2014, less than 2 per cent of MSW was separately collected and recycled.The potential for organics recycling is there: while in EU cities organic waste represents 25-35 per cent of all MSW, in the case of Sao Paulo the amount comprises 51 per cent, or 6,600 tons per day. Thus, diverting organic waste from disposal can help Sao Paulo in achieving significant recycling rates and reducing SLCPs. Furthermore, these amounts of organics could potentially be transformed into approximately 700,000 tons of compost or 290 million cubic metres of biogas annually. This amount would be sufficient for the needs for cooking and heating for about 500,000 households.The Strategy for Organic WasteThe City’s 2012 Master Plan for MSW, Planes de gestión integral de residuos sólidos (PGIRS), specifically aims to reduce waste disposal by enhancing separate collection and recycling. The strategy for the diversion of organic waste was developed considering three main pillars that need to interact efficiently:Prioritise separate collection of organic waste that, once collected, will be sent to recycling at biological treatment plants; the PGIRS aims to gather up to 70 per cent of all organic waste producedGradual realisation of treatment and recycling facilities for organic waste, including composting and mechanical biological treatment (MBT) facilitiesOverarching and continuous communication activities to raise awareness about the importance of organic wasteThere are significant challenges when implementing such an ambitious strategy. They include the lack of participation in separate collection, the “NIMBY” effect local authorities face when searching for locations for composting facilities, and the need to raise awareness about the role and the importance of recycling organic waste among the population. Let’s see what Sao Paulo is doing to put the strategy into practise.From Strategy to PractiseAs a first step, the City launched the Composta Sao Paulo initiative to promote home-composting on a voluntary basis. The initiative has been immensely successful: by 2015, about 5,000 families practiced home-composting regularly, and today more than 10,000 participate in the online platform for Paulistanos,people who compost at home.The second steps focused on students. There are about 1,100 municipal schools in Sao Paulo; working on and talking about waste management in schools is an excellent way to teach young citizens about the possibilities to prevent waste generation and to recycle. An initiative addresses the recycling of organic waste at schools; the online platform Escolas Mais Orgânicas was launched to acquire data about organic waste management and to enable exchange among the participating schools. Based on these results, in 2016 a handbook on home-composting in schools was realised to support teachers in Sao Paulo who intend to practise composting.As a next step,Sao Paulo opted to collect organic waste from large producers and to recycle organics at local, small-scale, low tech composting facilities. There are almost 900 street markets, 69 parks, 3,900 squares and green areas in Sao Paulo that produce up to 120,000 tons of organic waste per year. Thus, in 2015, the City started to collect fruit, vegetable, and green waste at street markets located in the Lapa District.Meat, fish, and cooked food are excluded from collection and treatment to avoid odour emission and potential problems during the composting process, which relies on a low-tech approach without forced ventilation or mechanical turning devices. Organic waste is collected using compostable plastic bags, preventing compost from contamination of otherwise commonly used conventional plastics which only breaks down into smaller pieces physically. Organic waste from the City’s green spaces, delivered by the public maintenance services, are also accepted.During the same time, the first pilot-plant for composting organic waste was realised in Lapa. The effectiveness of the initiative and the good quality of the compost produced at the Lapa facility lead to the creation of 5 more facilities currently in place, recycling about 15,000 tons of organic waste each year. By 2020, the number will rise to 17 plants.Windrow composting in Sao Paulo © Marco RicciLessons Learned, Next Steps to be Taken The experience of Sao Paulo confirms that a clean “feedstock” is needed for obtaining high-quality compost, a product that can be marketed and re-used as organic fertiliser. Collecting organic waste separately at source represents the first step and plays a pivotal role in reducing contamination of organic waste through plastics, glass, and other non-degradable materials.The decision to realise small-scale composting facilities first allows for the local population to get closer to the production of compost. Composting plants thus act as permanent awareness initiatives; facilities are regularly visited by schools, local authorities, and people interested in gardening and compost use. Today, the facility at Lapa also hosts a plant nursery.The strategy for Sao Paulo includes the realisation of a set of medium to large-scale composting (or biogas) facilities in the near future, so to manage larger amounts of organic waste. A pilot scheme for collecting organic waste at households has been prepared in 2016 and is planned to be implemented in the near future.In the long term, these measures will significantly mitigate environmental impacts of current MSW management. As shown in Sao Paulo, all revolutions start with small initiatives that are able to change our daily habits.


The pilot project is located in the Lapa district, one of the city’s 96 districts, stretching over an area of 3,000 m2. Officially opened in 2015, the project has been overseen by technical experts to monitor its economic and environmental benefits. The types of waste accepted at the composting park include fruits, vegetables, green garden waste and structuring materials such as wood chips. The maximum treatment capacity of the composting park is 54 tons/week and a total output of high-quality compost of 10.8 tons/week.  CO2 reduction The composting park will achieve a reduction of 87% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from organic waste treated, compared to the business as usual scenario which currently consists of disposing of this type of waste in a landfill. This should bring the GHG emissions from 819,1 kg CO2e/t to 110,3 kg CO2e/t, and amounts to about 160 tons of CO2e avoided per month. These figures do not even reflect the benefits of indirect emissions reductions from compost use in agriculture that are estimated at -130.5 kg CO2e/t and that would lead to an estimated net saving of 20.2kg CO2e/t. Next Steps The city plans to launch another 10 similar decentralized composting parks by 2020 in different regions across São Paulo. 

                 This document has been realized as part of the second phase of the City Assistance Project offered to the Municipality of Sao Paulo (Brazil) under the framework of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition Municipal Solid Waste Initiative (CCAC MSWI). The project was implemented by ISWA, the International Solid Waste Association, with the local coordination of ABRELPE, the Brazilian Association of Public Cleaning and Special Waste Companies (ISWA’s National Member in Brazil). The first phase of the project was a city assessment and the establishment of an Action Plan for Sao Paulo, in line with Sao Paulo’s PGIRS (Plan for Integrated Management of Solid Waste) lasting from 2014 to 2033. The second phase of the project aims to provide technical and strategic guidance on how to pursue the Action Plan and build capacity in public communication and organic waste treatment plant operation. This strategy paper is an outcome of one of the activities in the second phase, namely for the Action “Define the strategy for organic waste diversion and help realize a pilot biowaste treatment plant” of the Action Plan. The idea of this activity came about after assessing the current Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management activities in Sao Paulo and considering the targets and guidelines defined in Sao Paulo’s Master Plan for the City of Sao Paulo (Plano de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos da Cidade de Sao Paulo - PGIRS). The Master Plan strongly emphasizes the role of diverting organic waste from disposal (currently into landfills) by means of reducing it at source (e.g. home-composting), separate collection at large producers and households and recycling by applying composting, anaerobic digestion and pretreatment with MBT (mechanic-biological treatment) technologies. Specifically, the PGIRS foresees the realization of composting/AD/MBT plants for a total treatment capacity of about 4.700 tons/day or 1,7 million tons/year. Sao Paulo needs strategic guidance on how to achieve those goals, so the aims of the strategic guidance are to develop:  A strategy for organic waste diversion including collection, treatment and recycling and their challenges and opportunities for Sao Paulo, namely this document; A technical guidance on the operation of organic waste treatment plants taking into consideration the existing legal framework. This deliverable constitutes another document.
 Data quoted in this paper are from the PDF version of the PGIRS and the Executive Summary of it (hard-copy) dated 2014. Existing Brazilian legislations and technical norms are described according to the existing status as at the end of January 2016.                  

São Paulo

Municipality of São Paulo

A system of decentralised composting locations allows São Paulo to divert large amounts of organic waste from landfills and produce compost.

São Paulo: Decentralised composting yards collecting and composting organic waste from street markets and households

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Circle Economy and ICLEI have partnered up to initiate the go to knowledge hub of case studies about the circular economy in cities. The Cities Collection is a repository of case studies that demonstrate the role of cities in the circular transition, and includes policies, business cases and research articles. Cases in the Collection flow into an ecosystem of digital products which support users in transitioning cities to circularity, for example [Ganbatte](https://ganbatte.world/cities/) and <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/" target="_blank">ICLEI Circulars</a>, both part of the <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/circle-lab-for-cities/" target = _blank">Circle Lab for Cities Programme.</a>

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Circular Cities

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Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

Reuse, repurpose, and recycle waste streams within other industries

Valorise waste streams - open loop

'Mobilise' sets the direction of and builds momentum towards long-term change, while also determining how this direction is determined and governed.

Mobilise

Visions and Ambitions

Roadmaps and strategies and targets

Eliminate waste by maximizing the recovery of resources at the end of the use phase so that they can be reintroduced into production processes


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Recover

Ensure that household and business waste is collected and appropriately sorted (by type, label, etc.) to allow for maximum recovery of value.


Collect and sort waste to facilitate recovery

The circular potential of organic wastes is dependent on the quality and low contamination rate of the residual stream that is collected. Food and organic wastes are difficult to sort and separate post-collection, and as such, collecting organic wastes through a mixed collection are often limited to incineration or landfill. Therefore, collecting organic wastes through a separate collection system is key to unlock potential high-value management practices, for example, composting and anaerobic digestion.

Due to the strong influence over the operation of local waste management systems, local governments have a key role in the provision of separate organic waste collection systems throughout the city. Collections systems can vary to suit the specific characteristics of particular neighbourhoods and areas of a city. For example, areas with detached homes have more space for bins, while for apartments with less space, a communal receptacle may be more appropriate. Communication campaigns can help to raise awareness and encourage participation of residents to separate their organic wastes. 


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🍏  Separate organic waste collection infrastructure

The food system nourishes populations and employs 50% of the global workforce, but:
- it currently drives a quarter of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its greenhouse gas (GHG) production, 
- animal farming alone uses over one-quarter of all land, equivalent to the size of the Americas,
- nearly a quarter of freshwater resources are lost due to rampant food waste, and
- it is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss.

A circular food system must address the whole value chain, from production to consumption to waste management. The four key solutions for the food system are:
- Put healthier, satiating foods first: Prioritise satiating and healthy foods with a lower environmental impact—ideally shifting calories from meat, fish, and dairy towards cereals, fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
- Go local, seasonal, and organic: Prioritise the production and consumption of local, seasonal, and organic produce (sometimes in combination with GMO to reduce pests and disease loss on crops), which can lead to a significantly reduced need for chemical inputs, fuels, and processing services that contribute to environmental impacts.
- Mainstream regenerative agriculture: Scale up agricultural practices that regenerate ecosystems, recirculate nutrients and sequester carbon by design. 
- End avoidable food waste: Minimise food loss and valorise waste following the food waste hierarchy along the supply chain and at the consumer level through better management of transport and storage, more refrigeration and smart planning, and technology at the consumer and food service levels.



🍏 Food Systems

Governments

The Circular City Actions Framework provides urban changemakers with five complementary strategies they can use to start working towards a more circular system. 

The framework is action-based to provide users with concrete strategic directions and showcase the desired outcomes of each strategy. 
The framework consists of five complementary **strategies**, under which **sub-strategies** provide further detail. Finally, each sub-strategy consists of a diversity of tangible **solutions** which are framed in relation to key thematic areas. 

Note: solutions are currently focused on:
- 🍏 **Food systems**
- 🏢  **Built environment**
- 👕📱  **Consumer goods**
- ⚡ **Energy Systems**
- 🚌 **Mobility Systems**
- 💧 **Water Systems**

More thematic areas are coming soon...

'Click through each of the five strategy cards below to explore the framework and circular economy case studies in more depth!'



This framework was developed in collaboration with ICLEI, Metabolic and Ellen MacArthur Foundation with support from the MAVA Foundation. Read more about it [here]( https://circulars.iclei.org/action-framework/). 



Circular City Actions Framework

An action-based framework for local governments working towards circular cities

Thematic Areas

City Stakeholders

'This paper defines São Paulo’s strategy for organic waste diversion, including collection treatment and recycling and their challenges for São Paulo. It builds on an assessment of São Paulo’s waste management by the City Assistance Project under the Climate and Clean Air Coalition Municipal Solid Waste Initiative, and a 2014-2033 Action Plan for organic waste in line with the city’s goals for integrated solid waste management.'

São Paulo's organic waste diversion strategy


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This collection features a selection of case studies, mainly based on the [2024 Circularity Gap Report](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2024). 

In this year’s Report, we shift from exploring the what to the how: exploring the different ways that we need to ‘change the rules of the game’ and create a set of conditions that discourage the overshoot of planetary boundaries and ‘undershoot’ of human development. This process has resulted in us spotlighting 12 of the original 16 solutions, highlighting the country profile that they are most relevant to, as well as placing people at the centre of this story for the first time. Based on extensive interviews and desk research, this Report aims to show governments and industry leaders that if they want to turn theory into action and scale an economy that delivers on needs within the safe limits of the planet, they need to dismantle harmful entrenched processes and align enabling elements. 

[Circle Economy](https://www.circle-economy.com/) is a global impact organisation with an international team of passionate experts based in Amsterdam. We empower industries, cities, and nations with practical and scalable solutions to put the circular economy into action. Our vision is an economic system that ensures the planet and all people can thrive. To avoid climate breakdown, our goal is to double global circularity by 2032. 

Through the *Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative*, our mission is to deliver an annual global Circularity Metric that measures the state of the world economy and identifies key levers to transition to global circularity. 

To learn more about these interventions to accelerate the circular transition, read the [latest Circularity Gap Report 2024](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2024), as well as previous editions of the global [Circularity Gap Reports](https://www.circularity-gap.world/global).

Global Circularity Gap Report 2024

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Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

Impact on the health and happiness of human populations

Well-being

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Producing and providing business and consumer goods and services

Goods and Services

Producing and providing leisure and personal products and services for consumers, such as cleaning products, sports equipment and toys, personal and beauty care products, as well as domestic and personal services such as caretaking, cleaning, hairdressing and other beauty treatment, funeral and related activities

Personal Products and Services

Work together throughout the supply chain, internally within organisations and with the public sector and communities to increase transparency and create joint value

Team up to create joint value

Engage with the government on circular policies and programmes

Government collaboration

Engaging in discussions with government bodies and policymakers to push for regulations that support the circular economy

Advocacy for circular economy policy

'Regulate' changes the rules of the systems to achieve compliance through enforcement. 


Regulate

Legislation

Bans

Redesign systems to lay the foundation for circular activities and enable the transition to a circular economy 

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Rethink

Do better with less by using and supporting infrastructure, processes and products that are designed to minimize material, water and energy use and waste generation from production to end of use


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Reduce

High-level changes to policy and practice (such as taxation systems, investment and procurement guidelines and criteria) that disincentivize activities that perpetuate linear economic systems, as well as vision-setting (goals, roadmaps) to catalyze
action on circularity across the city

Eliminate linear incentives and set goals and incentives for circularity

Put enablers in place that allow circular businessesto grow, thrive and innovate (e.g. incubators, start-up funding, partnerships, innovation deals, business capacity building and testing groundsfor new business models).


Support circular and resource-efficient business innovations

Manufactured goods, such as vehicles, textiles, appliances and equipment and their associated production processes are big employers but:
- production processes often rely on fossil fuels and currently drive one-third of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its GHG production, 
- material- and energy-intensive industrial activities are linked to deforestation and drive 15% on both the land use and freshwater planetary boundaries, 
- manufacturing goods results in substantial amounts of hazardous industrial waste and leaks chemicals into the environment.

Here, circular solutions must tackle the full value chain, but material demand must also shrink: this will necessitate a societal shift to favouring sufficiency over excess and reducing consumption to sustainable levels. Our four key solutions for manufactured goods are:
- Mainstream industrial symbiosis and efficiency : Achieve process improvements, scrap diversion and reduction in yield losses through greater industrial symbiosis and efficiency. Foster tighter collaboration within and between industries to deliver powerful material and emissions savings.
- Extend the lifetime of machinery, equipment, and goods: Maximise the lifetime of goods that serve our daily needs to bring a number of environmental benefits. 
- Buy what's needed: Reduce the number of purchases of common electronic goods, appliances, and other equipment to sufficiency levels. 
- Eschew fast fashion in favour of sustainable textiles: Drastically reduce new clothing purchases. All used clothing should go on to be repaired, reused or, if needed, recycled appropriately. Prioritise natural and local textile manufacturing, as well as higher-quality and more durable garments. 




👕📱 Consumer Goods

Businesses

Buildings house all production activities, and also are where people spend the majority of their time. Consequently ‘buildings’ consume  resources, namely energy and water, and produce large amounts of waste. 

The use phase of buildings represents the largest resource flows during their lifecycle. Optimised operations for different types of buildings—such as offices, industrial and commercial facilities or houses—can reduce energy, water and waste consumption, as well as operating costs, and enhance the wellbeing of users. 

Local governments can support Information and communication technology (ICT) innovation for the circular management of building operations for instance, by adopting new technologies, digital services and systems that can help with the monitoring and evaluation of (water and energy) efficiency. At the local level, policy can also set new building standards that can scale up net-zero waste, energy and water buildings. Then, the uptake of  ‘green contracts’—agreements that require the contractor to develop and implement a site management plan and favour certain types of resources—can also stimulate circular operations by legally ingraining circularity in the relationship between building owners, operators and users.


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🏢⚡  Optimised facility management

In recent decades, the advertising industry has played a significant role in building demand for consumption. By tapping into the psychology of residents, advertising campaigns are designed to build desire for new products and remind people to consume more throughout their daily routines. Many cities generate revenue from selling advertising space in well used public places such as bus stops, trains and squares. For many cities, it has become a part of the urban landscape. 

While public advertising may seem ubiquitous, many cities are exercising a degree of control over what is advertised and where to protect the public interest. For example, some cities are placing controls on the advertising of junk food to safeguard citizen health, and others have banned the promotion of air travel to reduce demand for emission-intensive holidays. Cities can, instead, use public advertising to promote circular economy initiatives within the city, such as ‘libraries of things’, second hand stores, repair cafes, or reuse hubs. Alternatively, cities can reduce the number of advertising locations around the city, or even ban public advertising altogether. Old billboards and other advertising sites can be opened up to the community for street art, notice boards or greening.



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👕📱  Public advertising to support circular behaviour

**Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns**

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The world is seriously off track in its effort to halve per-capita food waste and losses by 2030.The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on consumption and production patterns, with disruptions to global supply chains and changes in consumer behaviour. 

Responsible consumption and production must be an integral part of the recovery from the pandemic. 
But the global economy also needs to speed up the decoupling of economic growth from resource use by maximizing the socio-economic benefits of resources while minimizing their negative impacts. 

Reporting on corporate sustainability has tripled since the beginning of the SDG period, but the private sector will need to significantly improve reporting on activities that contribute to the SDGs. 

This primarily entails environmentally sound management of "toxic chemicals" A substantial use of chemicals is essential to meet the social and economic goals of the world community, and these can be used with a high degree of safety when best practices are followed.  Gross chemical contamination, with grave damage to human health, genetic structures reproductive outcomes, and the environment, has been continuing within some of the world's most important industrial areas, and restoration will require major investment as well as the development of new techniques.
Effective control of the generation, storage, treatment, recycling and reuse, transport, recovery and disposal of hazardous wastes is another similar challenge. 
In addition,  solid wastes include all domestic refuse and non-hazardous wastes such as commercial and institutional wastes, street sweepings construction debris, and, in some countries, human wastes. As hazardous waste is frequently intermixed with other waste, this poses particular management challenges.
Finally, this target ensures that radioactive waste is safely managed, transported, stored and disposed of, with a view to protecting human health and the environment. 

To deliver SDG12, it is crucial to implement policies that support the shift to sustainable practices and decouple economic growth from resource use.

Sources: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12](https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/chemicals-and-waste](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/chemicals-and-waste)

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12. Responsible consumption and production

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Manufactured goods, such as vehicles, textiles, appliances and equipment and their associated production processes are big employers but:
- production processes often rely on fossil fuels and currently drive one-third of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its GHG production, 
- material- and energy-intensive industrial activities are linked to deforestation and drive 15% on both the land use and freshwater planetary boundaries, 
- manufacturing goods results in substantial amounts of hazardous industrial waste and leaks chemicals into the environment.

Here, circular solutions must tackle the full value chain, but material demand must also shrink: this will necessitate a societal shift to favouring sufficiency over excess and reducing consumption to sustainable levels. Our four key solutions for manufactured goods are:
- Mainstream industrial symbiosis and efficiency : Achieve process improvements, scrap diversion and reduction in yield losses through greater industrial symbiosis and efficiency. Foster tighter collaboration within and between industries to deliver powerful material and emissions savings.
- Extend the lifetime of machinery, equipment, and goods: Maximise the lifetime of goods that serve our daily needs to bring a number of environmental benefits. 
- Buy what's needed: Reduce the number of purchases of common electronic goods, appliances, and other equipment to sufficiency levels. 
- Eschew fast fashion in favour of sustainable textiles: Drastically reduce new clothing purchases. All used clothing should go on to be repaired, reused or, if needed, recycled appropriately. Prioritise natural and local textile manufacturing, as well as higher-quality and more durable garments. 



👕📱 Consumer goods

São Paulo, Brazil, took steps to reclaim public spaces by banning outdoor advertisements. The cities filled spaces that were formerly occupied by advertisements with street art, community noticeboards, and trees. Such an intervention could support a shift towards more sustainable lifestyles of residents by reducing advertising that advocates for the consumption of products.