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**Bax Innovation is a forward-thinking innovation consultancy dedicated to transforming ideas into societal impact. Our work in circularity spans a multitude of industries and topics, including wind energy, battery storage, sharing cities, and the urban bio-economy.  We partner with organisations to design scalable solutions for the circular economy, focusing on reducing waste and optimising resource use.**

Our expertise encompasses:​

**Materials circularity:** Identifying, evaluating, and shaping interventions that create maximum value from materials, ensuring they remain in use for as long as possible.​

**Circular business modelling:** Developing, testing, and scaling business models that create, retain, or recover value, facilitating the transition from linear to circular practices.​

**Creating circular value networks:** Bringing together stakeholders to transfer knowledge, take action, and create shared value, fostering collaborative approaches to circularity.​

By collaborating with public and private sector leaders, Bax is driving practical, impactful circular economy solutions across industries. Our case studies exemplify how circular principles can be applied to a wide range of challenges—from energy and materials to urban systems and the sharing economy. Through this collection, we share insights and learnings to inspire further action in creating a sustainable, circular world.

**For more information on our work and projects, please visit: [https://baxcompany.com/case-studies/](https://baxcompany.com/case-studies/)**

**If you'd like to reach out to a member of the team, email us at [contact@baxcompany.com](mailto:contact@baxcompany.com)**

Bax Innovation

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Business case

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Direct and indirect effects that increase revenues or the potential for new revenues, for example from new products, customer segments, partnerships or business models

Revenue Potential

Efficiency gains on operations or transactions either through cultural or technological shifts

Productivity

Impact on the ease of innovation, and facilitating uptake of innovations

Innovation

Scalability

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Providing electricity and gas services, including traditional and renewable energy generation, natural and manufactured gas and operating gas networks

Energy Utilities and Independent Power Producers

Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

Producing electronics products for businesses and consumers, including cellular phones, personal computers, printers, servers, electronic computer components and peripherals, TVs, audio equipment, as well as household appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines, etc.

Electronics and Appliances

Producing transportation equipment for the movement of goods and people by air, rail, sea, and land, including airplanes, spacecraft and military equipment, ships, boats, rail locomotives and rolling stock, motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, and related equipment, as well as repair services for such equipment

Transportation Equipment

Producing electric cables and wires, power-generating equipment, including solar modules, motors, power turbines, as well as electronic equipment and instruments, including computer chips, communication equipment, analytical instruments, lasers, display screens, point-of-sales machines, security system equipment, and healthcare equipment

Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Enacting measures that optimise material use such as 3D printing, etc.

Material efficiency

Using materials that can be easily reused or recycled after use

Reusable, recyclable materials and inputs

Enacting measures that optimise energy use

Energy efficiency

Using waste materials that have been processed and recycled to produce new products within the same industry

Using closed loop recycled materials

Using waste materials that have been processed and recycled to produce new products within other industries

Using open loop recycled materials

Designing products so they produce as little waste as possible during production

Design for minimal waste

Designing products so they use as little materials, water, energy, etc. as possible during use

Design for resource efficiency

Designing products of multiple parts that can be easily disassembled

Design for disassembly

Designing products to remove any barriers to recycling and enable easy recyclability

Design for recycling

Designing products with a single material type to more easily recycle them after use

Design for recycling - mono-materials

Designing products so they are able to be easily repaired

Design for repair

Designing products to be reused for the same or different purposes in multiple lifecycles

Design for reuse

Working together with stakeholders and parties in other unrelated industries to implement circular economy strategies and opportunities

Cross-industry projects, pilots

Working together with industry peers to engage in business activities or exploratory projects that advance the circular economy

Joint industry ventures, projects, pilots

Utilising data and models to to identify, enable and/or implement circular strategies (eg. effective resource use & logistics planning, circular business models & design)

Data analytics, modelling

Connecting products and services into the internet of things to identify, enable and/or implement circular strategies (eg. effective resource use & logistics planning, circular business models & design)

Internet enabled, connected operations

Data, knowledge & information sharing

Metrics and indicators to measure progress

Institutional design to enable circularity

Advocate for circular change

Environmental assessment & permits

Grant funding

Extended Producer Responsibility

Performance standards

Technology standards

**Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation**

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The manufacturing industry’s recovery from COVID-19 remains incomplete and uneven: some high-income regions achieved record-high manufacturing value added per capita in 2022 but levels in LDCs were not much higher than the 2015 baseline. 
In the aftermath of the pandemic, data show that higher-technology industries recovered faster and proved to be more resilient, pointing to the need to promote innovation and technology transfer in a way that benefits all countries. 

Inclusive and sustainable industrial development has been incorporated, together with resilient infrastructure and innovation, as Sustainable Development Goal 9 in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

To achieve Goal 9 by 2030 it is essential to support LDCs, invest in advanced technologies, lower carbon emissions, and increase global mobile broadband access.

This goal's target includes:
- develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all;
- promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries;
- increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets;
- by 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities;
- enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending;
- facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States;
- support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities;
- significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020.

Sources: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9](https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/industry](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/industry)

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9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure  

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

**Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns**

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The world is seriously off track in its effort to halve per-capita food waste and losses by 2030.The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on consumption and production patterns, with disruptions to global supply chains and changes in consumer behaviour. 

Responsible consumption and production must be an integral part of the recovery from the pandemic. 
But the global economy also needs to speed up the decoupling of economic growth from resource use by maximizing the socio-economic benefits of resources while minimizing their negative impacts. 

Reporting on corporate sustainability has tripled since the beginning of the SDG period, but the private sector will need to significantly improve reporting on activities that contribute to the SDGs. 

This primarily entails environmentally sound management of "toxic chemicals" A substantial use of chemicals is essential to meet the social and economic goals of the world community, and these can be used with a high degree of safety when best practices are followed.  Gross chemical contamination, with grave damage to human health, genetic structures reproductive outcomes, and the environment, has been continuing within some of the world's most important industrial areas, and restoration will require major investment as well as the development of new techniques.
Effective control of the generation, storage, treatment, recycling and reuse, transport, recovery and disposal of hazardous wastes is another similar challenge. 
In addition,  solid wastes include all domestic refuse and non-hazardous wastes such as commercial and institutional wastes, street sweepings construction debris, and, in some countries, human wastes. As hazardous waste is frequently intermixed with other waste, this poses particular management challenges.
Finally, this target ensures that radioactive waste is safely managed, transported, stored and disposed of, with a view to protecting human health and the environment. 

To deliver SDG12, it is crucial to implement policies that support the shift to sustainable practices and decouple economic growth from resource use.

Sources: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12](https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/chemicals-and-waste](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/chemicals-and-waste)

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12. Responsible consumption and production

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

**Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts**

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The science is clear: our climate is heating rapidly. The average global temperatures have increased by 1.2 degrees Celsius since 1880, particularly in the late 20th century. The concentration of atmospheric CO2, the GHG that contributes more than 2/3 to global warming, is at its highest level ever. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) steadily points out that human activities have warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land, producing widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere. 

Without transformative action starting now and within this decade to reduce greenhouse gas emissions deeply and rapidly in all sectors, the 1.5°C target will be at risk and with it the lives of more than 3 billion people. 
According to IPCC, warming beyond 1.5 degrees could have irreversible and irreparable consequences. However, effective and equitable adaptation and mitigation actions can significantly reduce vulnerability and contribute to climate resilience. To limit global warming to well below 2, preferably 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels, countries came together to hold themselves accountable under the Paris Agreement. 

Failure to act leads to intensifying heat waves, droughts, flooding, wildfires, sea-level rise, and famines. Emissions should already be decreasing now and will need to be cut almost by half by 2030 - a mere seven years from now. 


To combat climate change and its impacts by 2030, urgent and transformative action is needed to meet the commitments under the Paris Agreement across mitigation and adaptation efforts.

Sources: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13](https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/climate-action-synergies](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/climate-action-synergies)

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13. Climate action

Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Slow strategies aim to keep materials in use for as long as possible, for example through design for durability and repairability. A more circular economy is also a slower one: materials, components, and products—and even buildings and infrastructure—that we lock in stocks are made to last. This will lower material demand in the long run, in essence also serving to narrow resource flows.

Slow

Narrow strategies reduce material and energy use. Currently, material use is highly inefficient and ineffective; we can deliver similar social outcomes by using much less and phasing out fossil fuels, for example. This doesn’t mean being worse off, but rather focusing on using materials efficiently: think in terms of riding a bike instead of driving a car, eating less meat, and living in a space that suits your needs. Using less is a core tenet of the circular economy—yet currently, the threshold for sustainable consumption, 8 tonnes per person, is being surpassed by 1.5 times. 

Narrow

Cycle strategies aim to cycle and reuse materials at their highest value: they maximise the volume of secondary materials re-entering the economy, ultimately minimising the need for virgin material inputs and therefore also narrowing flows. Of course, virgin materials will always be needed to a degree: all materials degrade and can’t be cycled infinitely, use energy, and require blending with virgin materials to maintain strength and functionality.

Cycle

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

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**These 17 Goals recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.**

The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, and especially on the Millennium Declaration adopted in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York which let to the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.

In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed. A major blueprint came out of this: The Sustainable Development Goals: 17 overarching goals—and 169 targets—that governments are aiming to meet by 2030. Significant progress has been made in terms of poverty, health and inequality, but there's still a way to go. This is where the circular economy comes in: by circulating resources multiple times, the circular economy tackles issues of scarcity and allows all to access what they need—without overburdening the earth. If it's implemented in a holistic way—affording attention to social considerations and the fair distribution of resources— it also offers a pathway for achieving the SDGs; and the link between the two is ever-growing. To read more about the link between the SDGs and the circular economy, click [here](https://www.circle-economy.com/blogs/how-the-circular-economy-can-help-us-reach-the-sustainable-development-goals).

It is the Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) in the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) which provides substantive support and capacity-building for the SDGs and their related thematic issues. TheDSDG plays a key role in the evaluation of UN systemwide implementation of the 2030 Agenda and in advocacy and outreach activities relating to the SDGs. In order to make the 2030 Agenda a reality, broad ownership of the SDGs must translate into a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals. DSDG aims to help facilitate this engagement.
Alongside this, the annual High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development serves as the central UN platform for the follow-up and review of the SDGs.
In addition, the UN Secretary-General presents an annual SDG Progress report, which is developed in cooperation with the UN System, and based on the global indicator framework and data produced by national statistical systems and information collected at the regional level.

To read more information: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals](https://sdgs.un.org/goals)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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‍The picturesque mountainous region of Grenoble in France is the epicentre of TES’ battery recycling efforts, a critical component in the company’s suite of technology lifecycle management services. Originally founded in 1998 as Recupyl, the spin-off from the University of Grenoble developed an industry-leading battery recycling process serving global customers. Today, this pioneering solution is closing the loop on electric vehicle (EV) batteries around the world.  ‍Business sustainability is an important consideration and the company’s operations have a very low impact on their local environment in terms of emissions to air, soil and water. Furthermore, the inherent low energy consumption adds to the environmental benefits of this unique patented process. BatteReverse partner TES, a global technology lifecycle management company with a commitment to ‘sustaining tomorrow’, acquired Recupyl in 2018.  ‍The Singapore-based company provided the resources and capital required to scale up processes based on IP developed in Grenoble and build new plants capable of processing growing volumes of EV batteries. TES has a vision to deliver integrated IT lifecycle solutions and enable clients to manage the inherent complexities and risks associated with battery packs in the technology and electric vehicle (EV) markets. Developing new, proprietary technologies and patents for hydrometallurgical processes, TES has evolved quickly and innovated to establish itself at the forefront of the battery recycling industry. ‍The expertise gained in France has played a key role in TES opening South-East Asia’s first battery recycling facility in 2021 (working with a double closed loop: water process reuse as well as cobalt output reused as a precursor for battery materials) and commissioning a new, large-scale mechanical and hydrometallurgical plant here in Europe. We visited the site in Grenoble and met Dr. Farouk Tedjar, Innovation Director at TES and the R&D team, to find out more about the company’s business model and shed some light on the current challenges and development opportunities in the recycling of EV batteries. ‍What happens at the recycling facility in Grenoble?‍Let’s break down the recycling process of an EV battery pack at the TES facility.  First, the battery pack is removed from the packaging and discharged for safety reasons. Then, the pack is manually opened, and modules are extracted. The remaining battery pack components (casing, cables, electronics, cooling system) are sorted and recycled via TES’s network of global recycling facilities. All modules are assessed for reuse potential if the State of Health (SoH) is sufficiently high. ‍Any remaining modules are further discharged and segregated to be recycled. Using proprietary in-house technology auto-punching machines and shredders break the end-of-life batteries down into fine substances. Environmental, health and safety considerations are vital, so this process is carried out in an inert atmosphere, reducing the risk of thermal runaway accidents and preventing the release of secondary contaminants like heavy metals or volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere.‍The small pieces are separated using screens and fractions are divided into steel, plastics and active materials in the form of a black mass. Steel and plastics are recycled within Europe and part of the remaining black mass is transported to TES’s approved and compliant downstream partners until the TES facility is opened in Rotterdam. The site in Grenoble has the capacity to handle 14 tons of lithium-ion batteries per day with over 90% recovery rates. Cobalt and lithium are recovered with up to 99% purity, standards so high they can be purified for reuse in the production of new batteries.‍What sets the Grenoble site apart from other operations within Europe is the bespoke, low-powered, patented process that can give a second life to a broad range of valued materials. Through leaching and precipitation, a proprietary hydrometallurgical reactor converts the black mass into secondary raw materials including graphite, cobalt, nickel and manganese. These materials are sold into the battery supply chain of OEMs or manufacturers of lower-value products.‍The business model– an established recycler evolving to meet growing demand‍Even the most advanced technologies cannot work without a solid business model. This business model is based on many years of experience extending the usable life of technology assets, parts, and commodity materials for global customers. TES provides an end-to-end recycling service including the management of shipping, reverse logistics and environmental compliance.  ‍TES operates a service-lead business model with additional value recovery opportunities. Customers pay for recycling services providing a forecastable income stream. Revenues are supplemented with value returns from recovered parts and recycled materials which are shared with larger, strategic clients.Originally founded by Dr Farouk Tedjar as Recupyl developed its recycling capabilities to exceed current and future regulatory requirements, particularly minimum recycling rates. Focusing on batteries containing scarce metals like nickel, cobalt and lithium, initially, the predominant customers were collection schemes of portable batteries. Today TES works directly with EV OEMs and cell manufacturers (so called “Gigafactories”).‍Some of the automotive manufacturers have specific requirements including dismantling high voltage charging connectors before recycling so that they can be reused by the manufacturer. Thanks to the flexibility and extensive experience of the staff, TES can develop solutions for bespoke client requirements, giving them a reputation as the recycling ‘special task force’ among their established clients.‍After 35 years of operation, the company serves many global customers and continues to develop new recycling technologies. R&D costs are covered largely through EU-funded collaborative projects, such as MARBEL, RHINOCEROS, and of course, BatteReverse. Circular business case of TES‍‍Key challenges for efficient recycling of EV batteries‍TES has circularity at its core and is focused on sustaining tomorrow. The company is a key enabler for EV OEMs to improve the sustainability of their business models. With ongoing growth and change in the EV marketplace, the team at TES know that they need to evolve, innovate, and lead. There are opportunities to improve the circularity of materials within the EV business model which will be achieved by working in partnership with stakeholders throughout the EV supply chain.  ‍The dismantling process is currently inefficient due to the use of adhesives in new batteries. It is difficult and not economical to dismantle the EV battery modules to the cell level, which limits the number of components that can be reused - lowering the recycling efficiency. Another barrier is the complexity of the components and the large variety of battery types, requiring a manual dismantling process and preventing opportunities for automation. ‍On the business side, the volatility of prices for battery-grade secondary raw materials (cobalt, nickel, lithium) destabilises the operation of recyclers who focus only on popular NMC chemistry and don’t want to recycle chemistries with low materials value, such as LFP. While these recyclers may currently be more profitable and easier to scale up, the dynamic battery market may deem some new investments unprofitable in the long term.  ‍Finally, economies and scale and logistics. Some of the black mass produced in Grenoble is currently transported overseas, mainly because there is currently no large-scale hydrometallurgical recycling capacity in Europe.  ‍‍Scaling up hydrometallurgical recycling in Europe‍TES is addressing some of these challenges by setting up a new recycling facility at the Port of Rotterdam with an annual capacity of 10,000 tonnes of batteries and an initial footprint of 10,000 m2. This plant, the first battery recycling facility in the Netherlands, will combine the technologies developed in Grenoble, and experience from operating the large-scale recycling plant in Singapore. The strategic location of the facility right in the port will allow for improved logistics of the input (end-of-life batteries) and output (black mass and secondary raw materials) bringing the much-needed capacity to complete the European battery circularity value chain.  ‍The combined capacities of the three facilities will not only make TES one of the largest recycling providers but also the largest generate of commercial grade materials produced from the process, supporting the manufacturing of new batteries and reducing over-consumption of resources and reliance on unsustainable supply chains.  ‍With BatteReverse, TES is going to pilot a novel safe and efficient method of opening EV battery packs which should significantly reduce the time needed for dismantling and improve the profitability of recycling overall. TES’s team of R&D experts outside its facility‍This case study was elaborated as part of the BatteReverse project by Bax & Company with input from TES. The article is part of the Circular Business Cases series, which analyses existing business models for Li-ion batteries. ‍‍Join the BatteReverse community for more industry insights shaping the battery circularity landscape.About TES Since its formation in 2005, TES has grown to become a global leader in sustainable technology services and bespoke solutions that help clients manage the commissioning, deployment, and retirement of technology devices and components. TES provides comprehensive services for technology devices throughout their lifecycle - from deployment to decommissioning to disposition - all the way through to recycling and end-of-life repurposing. This includes innovating new processes to leverage the value locked in assets if they are to be recycled, such as our proprietary lithium battery recycling process, which extracts scarce materials from used batteries at purity rates high enough that they can be reused in the manufacturing supply chain.  TES has made it its mission to make a decade of difference by securely, safely, and sustainably transforming and repurposing one billion kgs of assets by 2030. The company’s 40 owned facilities across 22 countries offer unmatched service-level consistency, consistent commercials, lower logistics costs, local compliance experts in-region, support in local time zones and languages, and a deep understanding of transboundary movement globally.  For more information, visit www.tes-amm.com. ‍

France

Europe

Asia

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SK tes provides comprehensive IT Asset Disposition (ITAD) services designed to optimize value recovery and sustainability throughout the entire lifecycle of your corporate and enterprise IT assets, regardless of whether they are located at a single site or distributed across various global locations.

SK tes

<p>SK tes (formerly TES-AMM), a global technology lifecycle management company, operates a state-of-the-art battery recycling facility in Grenoble, France. Utilising proprietary hydrometallurgical processes, SK tes efficiently recovers valuable materials from end-of-life electric vehicle (EV) batteries, achieving high purity levels suitable for reuse in battery production. This approach not only minimises environmental impact but also contributes to a circular economy by reintegrating recovered materials into the supply chain.</p>