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**Bax Innovation is a forward-thinking innovation consultancy dedicated to transforming ideas into societal impact. Our work in circularity spans a multitude of industries and topics, including wind energy, battery storage, sharing cities, and the urban bio-economy.  We partner with organisations to design scalable solutions for the circular economy, focusing on reducing waste and optimising resource use.**

Our expertise encompasses:​

**Materials circularity:** Identifying, evaluating, and shaping interventions that create maximum value from materials, ensuring they remain in use for as long as possible.​

**Circular business modelling:** Developing, testing, and scaling business models that create, retain, or recover value, facilitating the transition from linear to circular practices.​

**Creating circular value networks:** Bringing together stakeholders to transfer knowledge, take action, and create shared value, fostering collaborative approaches to circularity.​

By collaborating with public and private sector leaders, Bax is driving practical, impactful circular economy solutions across industries. Our case studies exemplify how circular principles can be applied to a wide range of challenges—from energy and materials to urban systems and the sharing economy. Through this collection, we share insights and learnings to inspire further action in creating a sustainable, circular world.

**For more information on our work and projects, please visit: [https://baxcompany.com/case-studies/](https://baxcompany.com/case-studies/)**

**If you'd like to reach out to a member of the team, email us at [contact@baxcompany.com](mailto:contact@baxcompany.com)**

Bax Innovation

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Business case

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Direct and indirect reduction in economic costs

Cost Savings

Efficiency gains on operations or transactions either through cultural or technological shifts

Productivity

Impact on the ease of innovation, and facilitating uptake of innovations

Innovation

Scalability

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Reduced use of fossil fuel energy sources and/or increased use of renewable energy

Reduce Energy Consumption

Providing electricity and gas services, including traditional and renewable energy generation, natural and manufactured gas and operating gas networks

Energy Utilities and Independent Power Producers

Producing electronics products for businesses and consumers, including cellular phones, personal computers, printers, servers, electronic computer components and peripherals, TVs, audio equipment, as well as household appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines, etc.

Electronics and Appliances

Providing air, water, rail, and land transportation and related services for the distribution of goods, such as air freight, air courier and logistics services, maritime freight, marine courier and logistics services, rail freight, rail courier and logistics services, land freight, land courier and logistics services, including package and mail delivery and customs agents, as well as storage and warehouse facilities

Logistics Services

Producing transportation equipment for the movement of goods and people by air, rail, sea, and land, including airplanes, spacecraft and military equipment, ships, boats, rail locomotives and rolling stock, motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, and related equipment, as well as repair services for such equipment

Transportation Equipment

Producing electric cables and wires, power-generating equipment, including solar modules, motors, power turbines, as well as electronic equipment and instruments, including computer chips, communication equipment, analytical instruments, lasers, display screens, point-of-sales machines, security system equipment, and healthcare equipment

Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Using renewable energy like solar, wind, etc. or renewable fuels like biomass, etc.

Renewable energy, fuels

Activities to clean, decorate, and restore products back to working condition for original or new purposes

Refurbishment, remanufacturing, renovation

Recovering and reusing waste heat, gas, etc. for energy

Recovery and reuse of waste energy

Designing products so they produce as little waste as possible during production

Design for minimal waste

Designing products so they use as little materials, water, energy, etc. as possible during use

Design for resource efficiency

Designing products to remove any barriers to recycling and enable easy recyclability

Design for recycling

Designing products so they are able to be easily repaired

Design for repair

Designing products to be reused for the same or different purposes in multiple lifecycles

Design for reuse

Working together with stakeholders and parties in other unrelated industries to implement circular economy strategies and opportunities

Cross-industry projects, pilots

Engaging in discussions with industry stakeholders to share circular economy best practices and push the industry towards greater circularity

Guidance, dialogue with industry stakeholders

Utilising data and models to to identify, enable and/or implement circular strategies (eg. effective resource use & logistics planning, circular business models & design)

Data analytics, modelling

Connecting products and services into the internet of things to identify, enable and/or implement circular strategies (eg. effective resource use & logistics planning, circular business models & design)

Internet enabled, connected operations

Installing sensors to gather data from products and services to identify, enable and/or implement circular strategies (eg. effective resource use & logistics planning, circular business models & design)

Sensors, monitoring systems

Developing or utilising online platforms to enable circular economy opportunities through information, product or service offering

Online platforms

Developing or utilising online marketplaces to enable the peer-to-peer exchange of products and services

Peer-to-peer online marketplaces

Extended Producer Responsibility

Technology standards

**Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all**

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Progress towards achieving SDG8 has been challenging and the world is far from reaching most of the targets. The lingering effects of COVID-19, cost-of-living crises, trade tensions, uncertain monetary policy paths, rising debts in developing countries, and the war in Ukraine can each significantly set back global economic growth. Combined, these crises are placing the global economy under a serious threat. Global real GDP per capita is forecast to slow down in 2023, putting at risk not just employment and income but also advances inequitable pay for women and decent work for young people. 

With governments today seeking effective ways to lead their nations out of these related crises whilst also taking into account these planetary boundaries, green economy (in its various forms) has been proposed as a means for catalysing renewed national policy development and international cooperation and support for sustainable development. The concept has received significant international attention over the past few years as a tool to address the 2008 financial crisis as well as one of two themes for the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). This has resulted in a rapidly expanding literature including new publications on green economy from a variety of influential international organisations, national governments, think tanks, experts, non-government organisations and others.

In parallel, tourism is one of the world's fastest-growing industries and an important source of foreign exchange and employment, while being closely linked to the social, economic, and environmental well-being of many countries, especially developing countries. Maritime or ocean-related tourism, as well as coastal tourism, are for example vital sectors of the economy in small island developing States (SIDS) and coastal least developed countries (LDCs). 
The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities".

Finally, this goal entails decent work, employment creation, social protection, rights at work and social dialogue to be represented as part of integral elements of the new 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Furthermore, crucial aspects of decent work are broadly rooted in the targets of many of the other 16 goals.

Achieving SDG8 will require a wholesale reform of our morally bankrupt financial system in order to tackle rising debts, economic uncertainties, and trade tensions, while promoting equitable pay and decent work for young people.

Sources: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal8](https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal8)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/green-economy](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/green-economy)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/sustainable-tourism](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/sustainable-tourism)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/employment-decent-work-all-and-social-protection](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/employment-decent-work-all-and-social-protection)

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8. Decent work and economic growth

Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

**Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation**

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The manufacturing industry’s recovery from COVID-19 remains incomplete and uneven: some high-income regions achieved record-high manufacturing value added per capita in 2022 but levels in LDCs were not much higher than the 2015 baseline. 
In the aftermath of the pandemic, data show that higher-technology industries recovered faster and proved to be more resilient, pointing to the need to promote innovation and technology transfer in a way that benefits all countries. 

Inclusive and sustainable industrial development has been incorporated, together with resilient infrastructure and innovation, as Sustainable Development Goal 9 in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

To achieve Goal 9 by 2030 it is essential to support LDCs, invest in advanced technologies, lower carbon emissions, and increase global mobile broadband access.

This goal's target includes:
- develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all;
- promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of employment and gross domestic product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in least developed countries;
- increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises, in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets;
- by 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities;
- enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending;
- facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and technical support to African countries, least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States;
- support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities;
- significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020.

Sources: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9](https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal9)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/industry](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/industry)

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9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure  

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

**Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns**

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The world is seriously off track in its effort to halve per-capita food waste and losses by 2030.The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on consumption and production patterns, with disruptions to global supply chains and changes in consumer behaviour. 

Responsible consumption and production must be an integral part of the recovery from the pandemic. 
But the global economy also needs to speed up the decoupling of economic growth from resource use by maximizing the socio-economic benefits of resources while minimizing their negative impacts. 

Reporting on corporate sustainability has tripled since the beginning of the SDG period, but the private sector will need to significantly improve reporting on activities that contribute to the SDGs. 

This primarily entails environmentally sound management of "toxic chemicals" A substantial use of chemicals is essential to meet the social and economic goals of the world community, and these can be used with a high degree of safety when best practices are followed.  Gross chemical contamination, with grave damage to human health, genetic structures reproductive outcomes, and the environment, has been continuing within some of the world's most important industrial areas, and restoration will require major investment as well as the development of new techniques.
Effective control of the generation, storage, treatment, recycling and reuse, transport, recovery and disposal of hazardous wastes is another similar challenge. 
In addition,  solid wastes include all domestic refuse and non-hazardous wastes such as commercial and institutional wastes, street sweepings construction debris, and, in some countries, human wastes. As hazardous waste is frequently intermixed with other waste, this poses particular management challenges.
Finally, this target ensures that radioactive waste is safely managed, transported, stored and disposed of, with a view to protecting human health and the environment. 

To deliver SDG12, it is crucial to implement policies that support the shift to sustainable practices and decouple economic growth from resource use.

Sources: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12](https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal12)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/chemicals-and-waste](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/chemicals-and-waste)

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12. Responsible consumption and production

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Cycle strategies aim to cycle and reuse materials at their highest value: they maximise the volume of secondary materials re-entering the economy, ultimately minimising the need for virgin material inputs and therefore also narrowing flows. Of course, virgin materials will always be needed to a degree: all materials degrade and can’t be cycled infinitely, use energy, and require blending with virgin materials to maintain strength and functionality.

Cycle

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

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**These 17 Goals recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.**

The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, and especially on the Millennium Declaration adopted in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York which let to the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.

In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed. A major blueprint came out of this: The Sustainable Development Goals: 17 overarching goals—and 169 targets—that governments are aiming to meet by 2030. Significant progress has been made in terms of poverty, health and inequality, but there's still a way to go. This is where the circular economy comes in: by circulating resources multiple times, the circular economy tackles issues of scarcity and allows all to access what they need—without overburdening the earth. If it's implemented in a holistic way—affording attention to social considerations and the fair distribution of resources— it also offers a pathway for achieving the SDGs; and the link between the two is ever-growing. To read more about the link between the SDGs and the circular economy, click [here](https://www.circle-economy.com/blogs/how-the-circular-economy-can-help-us-reach-the-sustainable-development-goals).

It is the Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) in the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) which provides substantive support and capacity-building for the SDGs and their related thematic issues. TheDSDG plays a key role in the evaluation of UN systemwide implementation of the 2030 Agenda and in advocacy and outreach activities relating to the SDGs. In order to make the 2030 Agenda a reality, broad ownership of the SDGs must translate into a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals. DSDG aims to help facilitate this engagement.
Alongside this, the annual High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development serves as the central UN platform for the follow-up and review of the SDGs.
In addition, the UN Secretary-General presents an annual SDG Progress report, which is developed in cooperation with the UN System, and based on the global indicator framework and data produced by national statistical systems and information collected at the regional level.

To read more information: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals](https://sdgs.un.org/goals)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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‍Batteries play a crucial role in powering a wide array of applications today, spanning transport and IT, to household use. They facilitate services by storing energy and releasing it on-demand, regardless of temporal fluctuations in supply and demand. However, batteries have finite lifespans due to degradation processes, necessitating replacement once they reach their End of Life (EoL). Yet, even at this stage, they retain value, underscoring the importance of managing waste streams to mitigate the environmental impacts from raw material sourcing. ‍The inherent structure of the lithium-ion battery (LiB) market is characterised by a high level of entropy for various reasons. The sheer diversity in cell compositions and forms results in a highly fragmented waste stream, encompassing everything from nickel-based NMC cells to iron-based LFP cells, as well as pouch cells, cylindrical cells, and prismatic shaped cells. Moreover, cell conditions such as State of Health (SoH) or remaining State of Charge (SoC) often remain unknown until diagnosis and dismantling, hindering the predictability of returning battery value streams. Additionally, repurposers are usually unaware about the timing of EoFL battery returns, thereby impeding their ability to forecast a reliable supply stream. ‍Cling Systems has positioned itself within this EoL battery ecosystem. Founded in 2020, the Swedish company has developed the world’s first b2b market platform for spent EV batteries. In doing so, they enable the coordinated handling of End of First Life (EoFL) batteries, accelerating battery circularity, and allowing for more scalable trade. Through their trading platform for used LiBs, Cling Systems aims to overcome these hurdles by facilitating a closer alignment between returning streams from the market (supply) and the prospective applications they could serve (demand). The concept facilitates the reversal of the battery flow with the goal of revolutionising the EV battery loop towards a more sustainable and circular one.User interface of Cling’s Circular Asset Management System‍The platform: Space for EoFL owners and repurposers‍Whether batteries originate from EoFL applications or are the result of other feedstock sources such as off-specification, scrap, or warranty batteries – they still retain significant value. On one hand, batteries possess an inherent energy value, rendering them potentially suitable for reuse in similar applications, or repurposed for different applications such as energy storage. On the other hand, if the residual energy value is lower than the raw material value, the appropriate strategy for handling the battery involves the recovery of raw materials through recycling. ‍Consequently, there are two primary stakeholders in this process: EoFL battery owners aiming to maximise the monetary value of their batteries, and 2nd life battery users and recycling facilities aiming for a steady and reliable supply of batteries. After subscribing to the platform, users can access information about the batteries at the pack, module, or cell level that are available for trading and their order of magnitude. The platform offers filtering options for specific search criteria such as capacity, voltage level, and chemistry, along with insights into the battery’s history and previous usage. There is a significant emphasis on first-life usage data, as traceability is key in understanding the battery’s current health status (SoH, SoX etc.). At the moment there are 394 users registered on the platform, representing 347 companies across 31 countries.‍Battery explorer user interface: on the demand side, users can search for available batteries based on specific search requirements.‍Cling Systems has developed an extensive database of battery types with varying cathode chemistries currently available in the market. They track more than 2,500 different products, classified as battery packs, modules, and cells, including data from in-field testing. Buyers can identify batteries that meet their criteria and express interest by requesting an offer for a specific product. Then Cling Systems assesses the potential suitability for a trade upon notification. They have successfully executed more than 45 trades, and 70 shipments in 12 different countries worldwide in 2023, positioning themselves as leaders in the reverse logistics market of batteries.‍The business model: data management and building partnerships‍The company’s value proposition addresses the challenges inherent in the highly dispersed and fragmented market for reverse logistics of batteries. EoFL batteries are geographically dispersed, with variations in battery chemistry ranging from nickel-manganese-cobalt based compositions to iron-phosphate based ones. Additionally, their remaining SoH and voltage levels may vary even within a single battery system. ‍Cling Systems facilitates the reverse material flow by establishing a pool that enables both sides of the market to access supply or demand. They offer trading services by assuming ownership of the traded goods and actively seeking customers. Moreover, they provide tracing services by gathering and providing data of the previous-life usage of batteries, and transportation services via partners who test, diagnose, dismantle, and ship. The company therefore internally requires several experts in regulation, software development, business strategy, and the battery value chain. Externally, a wide network of strategic partners is crucial for the smooth operation of reverse logistics. EoFL and 2nd life owners of Li-batteries such as OEMs and fleet owners serve as sources for used batteries, dismantlers and testing partners assess the batteries’ SoH and Remaining Useful Life (RUL), warehouses store the parts until needed, and logistics companies ensure safe and efficient transport in compliance with industry standards such as the European agreement ADR. ‍Handling, processing, and providing data play key roles in business activities, as customers are only willing to purchase goods with known origins and ideally health statuses. However, this is especially challenging due to privacy regulations and intellectual property (IP) rights, which hinder the easy exchange of data. The company must provide transparent and user-friendly datasets, both for customers to know what they are purchasing, but also for internal product assurance. Below you can see Cling Systems’ business model canvas.Cling Systems’ Circular Business Model‍Current challenges: Supply forecasting and lack of industry standards impede large-scale reverse streams‍As previously explained, the battery reverse logistics industry faces significant challenges due to its fragmented nature, hindering the establishment of a smooth reverse stream on a larger scale. The biggest hurdle lies in the difficulty of forecasting a steady, long-term supply of EoFL batteries. Acquiring data from 1st or even 2nd life users can be challenging, as data sharing may be restricted by IP rights or may only be available for a limited period of the battery’s lifespan. Although the EU New Battery Regulation, adopted in July 2023, aims to address data-sharing issues, a consistent standard has yet to be implemented in the industry. This is a key issue for Cling Systems, as the commercial value of their traded goods relies heavily on trust and the availability of comprehensive data. ‍In addition to data and compliance regulation concerns, the most prevailing hurdle is the necessity for a network of experts ranging from traders to testers and customer service professionals to facilitate successful trades. The inherent complexity of chemical variations, differing battery health conditions, and widespread geographical distribution complicates the scalability of the market. That’s why Cling Systems continually strives to establish trustworthy partnerships throughout their business operations.Furthermore, current assessment methods and dismantling strategies lack standardisation, leading to time-consuming processes. The associated cost for testing, dismantling, shipping, and transportation must be carefully weighed against the monetary value that can be obtained from the battery. Some EoFL battery owners anticipate a reduction in reverse logistics process costs in the future and therefore choose to retain their batteries, hoping for higher returns on their batteries and spare parts. This behaviour undermines the long-term predictability of returning battery streams.‍‍Outlook: Circular Asset Management‍The company is aspiring to an even higher level of tracking and providing data for their customers on previous trades. One of their pilot projects with a current customer allows them to access a circular asset management tool. This service offers a comprehensive overview of past trades, including location, second life application, and the proportion between second-life usage and recycling. The goal is to develop a platform that incorporates all recent trading activities for a customer, providing valuable insights into the utilisation of their EoFL batteries. With these tools, they strive to be at the forefront of enabling large-scale trade of EoFL batteries across Europe.‍To overcome initial investment costs for new projects, Cling Systems is continuously working with financing partners to evaluate larger deal potentials.‍‍This case study was elaborated as part of the BatteReverse project by Bax & Company with input from Cling Systems. The article is part of the Circular Business Cases series, which analyses existing business models for Li-ion batteries. ‍‍Join the BatteReverse community for more industry insights shaping the battery circularity landscape.‍

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Cling is dedicated to lead the creation of global battery circularity, contributing to a thriving society and nature on our finite planet.

Cling

<p>Cling Systems, a Swedish startup founded in 2020, has developed the world's first B2B marketplace for end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries (LiBs).Their platform streamlines the reverse logistics process by connecting EoL battery owners with repurposers and recyclers, enhancing battery circularity and facilitating scalable trade. ​</p>