Article / Report

Contribution to social parity, or impact on social disparity

Equality

Direct and indirect reduction in economic costs

Cost Savings

Direct and indirect effects that increase revenues or the potential for new revenues, for example from new products, customer segments, partnerships or business models

Revenue Potential

Scalability

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Reduced use and withdrawal of water and rate of recycling and reuse of water

Save Water (SDG6)

Reduced use of fossil fuel energy sources and/or increased use of renewable energy

Reduce Energy Consumption

Contributing to the improvement of biodiversity including species diversity, total number of protected species, and ecosystem health

Biodiversity

Providing commercial and consumer financial services, such as lending, credit, financing, banking, asset management, financial exchanges, ratings services, money services, insurance and pension services, etc.

Financial Services

Providing various support services for businesses and governments, such as research, testing, certification and consulting services, cleaning and maintenance services, security and protection services, legal, accounting and bookkeeping services, information management, data processing, and business process outsourcing services

Research & Commercial Services

Producing electronics products for businesses and consumers, including cellular phones, personal computers, printers, servers, electronic computer components and peripherals, TVs, audio equipment, as well as household appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines, etc.

Electronics and Appliances

Producing indoor products for the home and office, such as furniture, including upholstery, carpets and wall-coverings, as well as cutlery, cookware, glassware, crystal, silverware, utensils, kitchenware and household specialties

Home and Office Furnishings

Producing and providing leisure and personal products and services for consumers, such as cleaning products, sports equipment and toys, personal and beauty care products, as well as domestic and personal services such as caretaking, cleaning, hairdressing and other beauty treatment, funeral and related activities

Personal Products and Services

Providing recreational and cultural services, including hotels, resorts, casinos, sport and fitness centers, stadiums, golf courses and amusement parks, restaurants, bars, pubs, fast-food or take-out facilities, as well as libraries and museums

Hospitality and Tourism

Producing machinery for mining, construction, industrial, and agricultural use, such as heavy duty trucks, rolling machinery, earth-moving and construction equipment, farm machinery, commercial printing and presses, machine tools, compressors, pollution control equipment, elevators, escalators, insulators, pumps, etc., including their related parts

Machinery

Producing electric cables and wires, power-generating equipment, including solar modules, motors, power turbines, as well as electronic equipment and instruments, including computer chips, communication equipment, analytical instruments, lasers, display screens, point-of-sales machines, security system equipment, and healthcare equipment

Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Upgrade, repair, and maintenance while in-use

Maximise lifetime of products in-use

Designing to enable multiple uses and lifecycles of a product and its materials

Design for cyclability

Designing products that are made to last and to ensure longer use

Design for durability

Providing products through leasing, rental, or pay-per-use models instead of sales

Leasing, rental, pay per use

Providing services through a subscription plan with regular payment schemes

Subscription-based services

'Inform' increases the overall levels of awareness and builds the necessary skills and knowledge around the circular economy to foster long-term change.

Inform

Data, knowledge & information sharing

'Manage' influences the use and function of physical and material elements within the urban environment. 

Manage

'Incentivise' sends market signals and support to businesses, citizens and governments to promote certain activities.

Incentivise

Economic Frameworks

Slow strategies aim to keep materials in use for as long as possible, for example through design for durability and repairability. A more circular economy is also a slower one: materials, components, and products—and even buildings and infrastructure—that we lock in stocks are made to last. This will lower material demand in the long run, in essence also serving to narrow resource flows.

Slow

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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Mr Iemma said the grid would enable more widespread use of recycled water by industrial water users, and its use to water parks and golf courses. Big urban renewal projects, such as Rhodes peninsula, the Parramatta Road corridor, Green Square and Redfern-Waterloo, would have access to the water and would be able to build two sets of pipes into their future developments so that the water could be used for toilet flushing and other non-drinking uses. A new planning policy would require connections where feasible. The plan was light on details about the pipe network, timetables, funding and the potential for further reuse. More may come out during the campaign, if the Government can finalise a tender for its recycling project at Camellia. The Herald reported more than a year ago that AGL (now Alinta) had approached the Government with a plan to use its disused gas mains to reticulate recycled water around the city. It took the $250 million proposal to the State Government in March 2005. The project could add up to 30 billion litres a year to the recycling effort by resleeving old pipes and using them to carry recycled water. Alinta's plan has been submitted as a bid for for the Camellia project. Alinta's corporate affairs manager, Tony Robertson, said yesterday the company was pleased with Mr Iemma's announcement. Several of the components of Mr Iemma's new plan had already been notified. For example, the $130 million Liverpool to Ashfield pipeline, to supply recycled water to industrial users, is under construction, as is the Rouse Hill residential recycling scheme. The Fairfield to Camellia pipeline is at tender stage as part of another big industrial recycling initiative. The new money announced yesterday appeared to be just $18 million: $8 million to link the Homebush Bay Olympic recycling project to the Liverpool-Ashfield pipeline, and up to $10 million to help Orica in extending its pipe network to Sydney Airport to carry water from the plant it was forced to build to clean up the Botany aquifer, which it contaminated during the 1970s. Mr Iemma used his statement to highlight the difference between his plan and that of the Liberal leader, Peter Debnam. The Premier stressed his "recycled water grid" would be used to deliver water to industry, for watering parks and for flushing toilets, and unlike the Opposition he would not be putting it into the drinking water system. "On water recycling Mr Debnam and I both agree but with one key difference: my government will force industry to use recycled sewage; Mr Debnam will force Sydneysiders to drink recycled sewage," he said.

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Assisting companies to develop and implement successful and scalable in-house AS-A-SERVICE business model by bringing value to end-users and stakeholders.

Black Winch

<p>This white paper explores the links between the circular economy approach and the As-A-Service (AAS) business model. It first establishes the concept of circular economy and then follows with what the As-A-Service model is. This paper is written predominantly from the perspective of manufacturers and/or integrators.</p>

As-A-Service & Circular Economy - Connecting the Dots

Common challenges As-A-Service & Circular Economy.pdf

Give products and parts another life after their end-of-use

Maximise lifetime of products after use

Deliver products through business models that ensure maximum value

Product business models

Deliver services through business models that ensure maximum value

Service business models

Designing to reduce waste during production and use

Design out waste

Enacting measures that optimise material use such as 3D printing, etc.

Material efficiency

Working together with customers to jointly create products fit for them

Co-creation

Takeback and return of products from customers after end-of-use

Takeback programmes

Cycle strategies aim to cycle and reuse materials at their highest value: they maximise the volume of secondary materials re-entering the economy, ultimately minimising the need for virgin material inputs and therefore also narrowing flows. Of course, virgin materials will always be needed to a degree: all materials degrade and can’t be cycled infinitely, use energy, and require blending with virgin materials to maintain strength and functionality.

Cycle

Europe

<p>This white paper explores the different challenges that can be made when combining circular economy and the As-A-Service business model. Implementing a circular economy is complex and some elements should not be underestimated.</p>