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Circle Economy and ICLEI have partnered up to initiate the go to knowledge hub of case studies about the circular economy in cities. The Cities Collection is a repository of case studies that demonstrate the role of cities in the circular transition, and includes policies, business cases and research articles. Cases in the Collection flow into an ecosystem of digital products which support users in transitioning cities to circularity, for example [Ganbatte](https://ganbatte.world/cities/) and <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/" target="_blank">ICLEI Circulars</a>, both part of the <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/circle-lab-for-cities/" target = _blank">Circle Lab for Cities Programme.</a>

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Circular Cities

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Policy case

Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Efficiency gains on operations or transactions either through cultural or technological shifts

Productivity

Impact on the ease of innovation, and facilitating uptake of innovations

Innovation

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Reduced use and withdrawal of water and rate of recycling and reuse of water

Save Water (SDG6)

Reduced use of fossil fuel energy sources and/or increased use of renewable energy

Reduce Energy Consumption

Contributing to the improvement of biodiversity including species diversity, total number of protected species, and ecosystem health

Biodiversity

Extracting resources and processing them to produce materials for use bysociety

Materials and Fuels

Producing transporation equipment and providing services for thetransportation of goods and people

Transportation and Logistics

Societal Services

Producing building materials and providing services to create residential and non-residential infrastructure and real estate


Construction and Infrastructure

Providing public and private education and support services at any level or for any profession, and governmental and public administration services, including judicial, regulatory, and legislative activities, taxation, defence, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and the administration of government programmes

Education and Government Services

Work together throughout the supply chain, internally within organisations and with the public sector and communities to increase transparency and create joint value

Team up to create joint value

Industry peers to industry peer collaboration to create joint value and identify synergies

Industry collaboration

Engage with the government on circular policies and programmes

Government collaboration

Working together with industry peers to engage in business activities or exploratory projects that advance the circular economy

Joint industry ventures, projects, pilots

Participating in government programmes that support and advance the circular economy

Government programmes

Biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste can be used as an energy source for cooking, lighting and generate electricity, replacing thus other fuels. Moreover, the treatment of organic waste alleviates the solid waste crisis in urban and peri-urban area if the developing world.


Use biogas

Locally produced food has to travel shorter, which means less fuel is consumed and less greenhouse gases are generated. Moreover, buying locally produced food helps local farmers and markets and creates more jobs in the local businesses. 


Produce locally

Other

'Mobilise' sets the direction of and builds momentum towards long-term change, while also determining how this direction is determined and governed.

Mobilise

Visions and Ambitions

Roadmaps and strategies and targets

Redesign systems to lay the foundation for circular activities and enable the transition to a circular economy 

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Rethink

High-level changes to policy and practice (such as taxation systems, investment and procurement guidelines and criteria) that disincentivize activities that perpetuate linear economic systems, as well as vision-setting (goals, roadmaps) to catalyze
action on circularity across the city

Eliminate linear incentives and set goals and incentives for circularity

The food system nourishes populations and employs 50% of the global workforce, but:
- it currently drives a quarter of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its greenhouse gas (GHG) production, 
- animal farming alone uses over one-quarter of all land, equivalent to the size of the Americas,
- nearly a quarter of freshwater resources are lost due to rampant food waste, and
- it is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss.

A circular food system must address the whole value chain, from production to consumption to waste management. The four key solutions for the food system are:
- Put healthier, satiating foods first: Prioritise satiating and healthy foods with a lower environmental impact—ideally shifting calories from meat, fish, and dairy towards cereals, fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
- Go local, seasonal, and organic: Prioritise the production and consumption of local, seasonal, and organic produce (sometimes in combination with GMO to reduce pests and disease loss on crops), which can lead to a significantly reduced need for chemical inputs, fuels, and processing services that contribute to environmental impacts.
- Mainstream regenerative agriculture: Scale up agricultural practices that regenerate ecosystems, recirculate nutrients and sequester carbon by design. 
- End avoidable food waste: Minimise food loss and valorise waste following the food waste hierarchy along the supply chain and at the consumer level through better management of transport and storage, more refrigeration and smart planning, and technology at the consumer and food service levels.



🍏 Food Systems

Cities consume about 75% of global energy and emit between 50% and 60% of global greenhouse gases (UN-Habitat). To reduce the negative impact of their energy consumption, cities need to shift away from fossil fuels and move towards renewable energy sources. Such a shift will help cities work towards their climate change mitigation and adaptation action plans. Renewable energy technologies such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal can also help improve access to energy in vulnerable and marginalised neighbourhoods through, for example, decentralised, off-grid solutions.

Renewable energy technologies can harvest the energy in nature’s processes, such as wind, and solar radiation and geothermal heat, that can be replenished within a human lifespan. In contrast, fossil fuels are materials that are not replenished within a human lifespan and are combusted for energy, losing the fuel material and resulting in emissions.

Local governments can develop sustainable energy plans, considering different energy resources and requirements, to develop a robust strategy for the development of renewable energy technologies and infrastructure throughout the city. They can also institute specific legislation and tax systems to regulate energy production and consumption, incentivise research and development of cleaner, more efficient technologies. Via Power Purchase Agreements cities can buy renewable energy from green energy providers and fix the price in order to provide security to financial institutions to finance renewable energy infrastructure. Furthermore, increasing awareness and facilitating capacity-building on planning urban sustainable energy projects can help the uptake of clean energy across the city by different stakeholders—from citizens to businesses and institutions. Facilitating collaboration, then, will be crucial, since private companies operate most of the world’s energy systems.


⚡ Energy Systems

The built environment, including housing, commercial buildings, and the necessary infrastructure for mobility, is essential for our livelihoods, but:
- the extraction of minerals used to produce construction materials is responsible for a quarter of global land use change,
- approximately 40% of global GHG emissions can be attributed to buildings’ construction, use and demolition, and
- construction and demolition processes drive nearly one-third of all material consumption. 

Making the built environment more circular must prioritise a heavy reduction in material use—while also closing the loop on materials and bringing secondary and renewable material choices to the fore. Our four key solutions for the built environment are:
- Make the most of what already exists: Make the most of existing materials by reusing, repurposing, upgrading and renovating following circular approaches. Where new builds are needed, use secondary materials and be as efficient as possible with urban planning solutions that follow circular design principles so that buildings can be reused, repurposed, and easily disassembled in the future.
- Be as energy efficient as possible: From the design phase, utilise circular strategies to create material- and energy efficient buildings. Couple these designs with a rollout of clean energy solutions, and prioritise energy-efficient appliances and retrofitting. 
- Utilise secondary materials: Maximise the high-value reuse of buildings and components where possible. Ideally, enable the utilisation of construction and demolition outputs and ensure that as much of it as possible is recycled to avoid the need for virgin materials, such as sand and gravel.
- Prioritise circular materials and approaches: Transition to using renewable wood, timber or cross-laminated timber instead of steel and concrete, or move to other locally available materials. Utilise mainstream modular construction and prioritise lightweight frames and structures to reduce cement and steel use, as well as green roofs where possible.



🏢 Built Environment

Manufactured goods, such as vehicles, textiles, appliances and equipment and their associated production processes are big employers but:
- production processes often rely on fossil fuels and currently drive one-third of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its GHG production, 
- material- and energy-intensive industrial activities are linked to deforestation and drive 15% on both the land use and freshwater planetary boundaries, 
- manufacturing goods results in substantial amounts of hazardous industrial waste and leaks chemicals into the environment.

Here, circular solutions must tackle the full value chain, but material demand must also shrink: this will necessitate a societal shift to favouring sufficiency over excess and reducing consumption to sustainable levels. Our four key solutions for manufactured goods are:
- Mainstream industrial symbiosis and efficiency : Achieve process improvements, scrap diversion and reduction in yield losses through greater industrial symbiosis and efficiency. Foster tighter collaboration within and between industries to deliver powerful material and emissions savings.
- Extend the lifetime of machinery, equipment, and goods: Maximise the lifetime of goods that serve our daily needs to bring a number of environmental benefits. 
- Buy what's needed: Reduce the number of purchases of common electronic goods, appliances, and other equipment to sufficiency levels. 
- Eschew fast fashion in favour of sustainable textiles: Drastically reduce new clothing purchases. All used clothing should go on to be repaired, reused or, if needed, recycled appropriately. Prioritise natural and local textile manufacturing, as well as higher-quality and more durable garments. 




👕📱 Consumer Goods

The demand for transport is rising globally—but current modes are heavily material- and fossil-fuels-intensive. Emissions from the transport system could grow by 60% by 2050, and transport is the number-one user of oil worldwide. GHG emissions result not only in warming global temperatures, but also in ocean acidification, which has severe consequences for entire ecosystems and further destabilises our climate. The transport system also drives land-use change and biodiversity loss through the development of infrastructure—also releasing harmful pollutants into the ocean. Key circular solutions:

- Embrace and enable car-free lifestyles
- Invest in high-quality public transport
- Rethink unnecessary air travel
- Electrify remaining vehicles

🚌 Mobility Systems

Governments

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

Urban Opportunities

The Circular City Actions Framework provides urban changemakers with five complementary strategies they can use to start working towards a more circular system. 

The framework is action-based to provide users with concrete strategic directions and showcase the desired outcomes of each strategy. 
The framework consists of five complementary **strategies**, under which **sub-strategies** provide further detail. Finally, each sub-strategy consists of a diversity of tangible **solutions** which are framed in relation to key thematic areas. 

Note: solutions are currently focused on:
- 🍏 **Food systems**
- 🏢  **Built environment**
- 👕📱  **Consumer goods**
- ⚡ **Energy Systems**
- 🚌 **Mobility Systems**
- 💧 **Water Systems**

More thematic areas are coming soon...

'Click through each of the five strategy cards below to explore the framework and circular economy case studies in more depth!'



This framework was developed in collaboration with ICLEI, Metabolic and Ellen MacArthur Foundation with support from the MAVA Foundation. Read more about it [here]( https://circulars.iclei.org/action-framework/). 



Circular City Actions Framework

An action-based framework for local governments working towards circular cities

Thematic Areas

City Stakeholders

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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Vienna

Municipality of Vienna

Smart City Wien combines the three essential and interlinked basic elements of resources (resource preservation), quality of life and innovation. The Smart City Wien framework strategy is comprehensive (but not exhaustive), pursues a long-term horizon (2050) and does not offer detailed packages of measures. However, concrete sub-projects with a shorter timeframe will definitely be formulated and implemented – and also serve the purpose of clarifying the very nature of what a “smart city Vienna” might be like. In this way, the Smart City Wien framework strategy lays down an aid to orientation for the next generation of specialised strategies in such areas as circular economy, climate protection, innovation, urban planning, mobility, etc.

Smart City Wien

Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

Producing agricultural products and processing them into food and beverageproducts for consumption

Agri/Food

Producing and providing business and consumer goods and services

Goods and Services

Processing and producing food and beverages for consumption

Food and Beverage

Putting in place purchasing guidelines for procurement departments and evaluating suppliers on circular economy principles

Circular procurement

'Manage' influences the use and function of physical and material elements within the urban environment. 

Manage

 Public Procurement

Develop circular criteria for public procurement of assets

Local governments can act as the first movers, and accelerate the transition towards a more circular food system through integrating circular criteria into public procurement policies for food. Purchasing decisions by local governments, -such as buying food for canteens in municipal offices and schools-, have a large economic influence in the region, and create important market demand for circular businesses and products.

Criteria within public procurement could, for example, prioritise regionally and organically produced foods, encourage the use of recyclable packaging and assess food waste prevention. Low-carbon and plant-based menus could also be developed. Used strategically, public procurement can be used to drive innovation in the sector to meet these circular demands,for example, new circular cultivation techniques and technologies, and low-impact food and packaging products.


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🍏  Circular public procurement of food products and services



The city of Vienna pays particular attention to the sustainable use of resources and food when buying goods and services.

Every year, the city of Vienna purchases a variety of products, goods and services of all kinds with a value of around five billion euros. This is around five times the total amount that all Vienna’s households spend on home furnishings, food, clothing, cleaning and cars every year.
Minimal packaging, phosphate and formaldehyde-free products, no PVC, no chlorine bleach, no aggressive detergents, no tropical wood – these are just some of the requirements of Vienna’s environmentally friendly procurement.
The use of organic products in the food purchasing of public institutions is therefore increasing. Events are increasingly organised according to ecological criteria. The city of Vienna has consistently pursued this strategy since 1998.
The biggest success

Over 50 percent of the food used in Vienna’s nurseries is organic.  (As at 10/2012)
The “Ecological printing paper” project has had a major positive impact on the environmentally friendly paper market over the years.
Disinfectant manufacturers are now extremely interested in being included in the “Viennese Database for Disinfectants (WIDES Database)”.
Thanks to “ÖkoKauf Wien”, maximum attention is now paid to environmental protection when designing interior spaces.

International Awards
As a result of this and due to its structured approach, “ÖkoKauf Wien” received two international awards in 2011. Contact
Georg Patak
MA 22 – Environmental Protecttion
E-Mail: georg.patak@wien.gv.at
Website: Ökokauf Wien (in German)


The City of Vienna is implementing environmentally-friendly requirements for the procurement of goods and services. It has consistently pursued this strategy since 1998.&nbsp;Some of the criteria include: minimal packaging, phosphate and formaldehyde-free products, no PVC, no chlorine bleach, no aggressive detergents, no tropical wood, etc. As a result, the use of organic products in the food purchasing of public institutions is increasing and also events are increasingly organised according to ecological criteria.

Ecobuy Vienna

Providing electricity and gas services, including traditional and renewable energy generation, natural and manufactured gas and operating gas networks

Energy Utilities and Independent Power Producers

Producing and refining oil, gas, and other consumable fuels related to the generation of energy

Consumable Fuels

Replace energy sources with less impactful alternatives and enact energy efficiency measures

Regenerative energy

Solidify definitions and create frameworks to support the understanding of the circular economy across contexts and maintain cohesive systems of data sharing, processing and storing.


 Knowledge Management

Data, knowledge & information sharing

Research and facilitate new technological developments to aid the transition to a circular economy.

Research and Development

Prioritize solutions that use the power of functioning ecosystems as infrastructure to provide natural services to benefit society and the environment; consider nature-based replacements for grey infrastructure.

Prioritise renewable resources 

Cities consume about 75% of global energy and emit between 50% and 60% of global greenhouse gases ([UN-Habitat](https://unhabitat.org/topic/energy)). To reduce the negative impact of their energy consumption, cities need to shift away from fossil fuels and move towards renewable energy sources. Such a shift will help cities work towards their climate change mitigation and adaptation action plans. Renewable energy technologies such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal can also help improve access to energy in vulnerable and marginalised neighbourhoods through, for example, decentralised, off-grid solutions.

Renewable energy technologies can harvest the energy in nature’s processes, such as wind, and solar radiation and geothermal heat, that can be replenished within a human lifespan. In contrast, fossil fuels are materials that are not replenished within a human lifespan and are combusted for energy, losing the fuel material and resulting in emissions. 

Local governments can develop sustainable energy plans, considering different energy resources and requirements, to develop a robust strategy for the development of renewable energy technologies and infrastructure throughout the city. They can also institute specific legislation and tax systems to regulate energy production and consumption, incentivise research and development of cleaner, more efficient technologies. Via Power Purchase Agreements cities can buy renewable energy from green energy providers and fix the price in order to provide security to financial institutions to finance renewable energy infrastructure. Furthermore, increasing awareness and facilitating capacity-building on planning urban sustainable energy projects can help the uptake of clean energy across the city by different stakeholders—from citizens to businesses and institutions. Facilitating collaboration, then, will be crucial, since private companies operate most of the world’s energy systems.


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⚡  Harnessing renewable energy from natural processes

Regenerate strategies phase out hazardous or toxic materials and processes and substitute them with regenerative biomass resources. A circular economy aims to mimic natural cycles—by shifting to more regenerative farming practices, for example—while also maximising the share of circular biomass that enters the economy. Regeneration can happen both at the systems level (by designing regenerative processes) as well as at the product level (by switching synthetic to organic fertilisers, for example).

Regenerate



The Thematic City Map “Energy” provides access to energy-relevant information in Vienna. The comprehensive map material is available free of charge.

In times of resource scarcity, the use of local renewable energy sources is becoming more and more important. To give citizens, building contractors, municipal authorities, companies and all interested parties a quick overview of local energy potentials the Thematic City Map “Energy” was created by the municipal department 20 (Energy Planning) in cooperation with various partners. Among other things, this provides information on the solar, geothermal, wind and waste heat potentials. The thematic city map can be accessed through the wien.at city map.
Solar potential cadastre
The solar potential cadastre is a practical tool to quickly find information on the potential of Vienna’s roof areas for solar use. This map displays both the potential of the generation of heat (solar thermal energy) as well as electricity (photovoltaic).
Geothermal potential cadastre
About one third of the area of Vienna is outstandingly suited for the use of near-surface geothermal energy and groundwater for energy purposes. In some areas, closed-loop systems, such as systems with geothermal probes, are more suitable for regenerative heat recovery. In other areas, open systems, such as water-to-water heat pumps, make more sense. Whether and for which types of use a site is suitable can be seen in the geothermal potential cadastre. In addition to its function as an information platform for interested citizens, the geothermal potential cadastre also serves as an instrument for regional energy planning.
Wind potential cadastre
Due to its location, favourable wind conditions prevail in the Vienna area. The wind potential cadastre gives an overview of possible plant locations. Wind power complements renewable electricity perfectly, but is not yet widely used in the city. The cadastre is based on a comprehensive survey and evaluation of the potentials for the energetic use of wind ten meters above the average building height in the urban area of Vienna.
Waste heat potential map
In the city of Vienna, there are numerous waste heat streams that are released to the environment without being used. Existing local energy potentials should be used optimally and the energy demand should be coordinated with local resources at an early stage. In doing so, unused heat potentials arising during industrial processes should be made visible. This energy could be made available to consumers. Therefore, it was analysed which potential sources of waste heat are available in the city and if these can contribute to a sustainable, energy-efficient and economic energy supply of the neighbouring building stock.
Energy production plants
Vienna can draw on an innovative energy supply system, which has a variety of facilities in the city. A layer in the wien.at city map displays the energy production plants in the city and provides key data on these facilities.
Innovative energy projects
In Vienna, many innovative energy projects have been realised in recent years. The cartographic presentation is intended to facilitate access to relevant information and to provide an overview of the flagship projects spread throughout the city.
Contact
Municipal Department 20 – Energy Planning
E-Mail: post@ma20.wien.gv.at
Website: Wien.gv.at – Energy


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In times of resource scarcity, the use of local renewable energy sources is becoming more and more important. To give citizens, building contractors, municipal authorities, companies and all interested parties a quick overview of local energy potentials the Thematic City Map “Energy” was created by Vienna's municipal department 20 (Energy Planning) in cooperation with various partners. Among other things, this provides information on the solar, geothermal, wind and waste heat potentials. The thematic city map can be accessed through the wien.at city map. The Thematic City Map “Energy” provides access to energy-relevant information in Vienna free of charge, helping relevant stakeholders to take action by diplaying where renewable energy production has the highest potential.

Thematic City Map "Energy"

Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

Providing recreational and cultural services, including hotels, resorts, casinos, sport and fitness centers, stadiums, golf courses and amusement parks, restaurants, bars, pubs, fast-food or take-out facilities, as well as libraries and museums

Hospitality and Tourism

Producing basic and specialty chemicals, inks, agricultural chemical such as fertilisers and pesticides, plastics including packaging, and rubber

Chemical and Plastic

Using bio-based materials such as bioplastics, mushroom-based materials, etc.

Alternative bio-based materials and inputs

Providing products through leasing, rental, or pay-per-use models instead of sales

Leasing, rental, pay per use

Developing or utilising online platforms to enable circular economy opportunities through information, product or service offering

Online platforms

Encourage workplace training

Performance standards

Did you know that we can make a very good insulation from your old broken jeans? Cotton naturally has a very good insulating effect. For this reason we wear a lot of cotton clothes that keeps us warm in the winter and cool in the summer. That's why Métisse is extremely suitable as insulation material.When we press the fibers to a higher density it results in a very good acoustic panel. The long fibers of cotton make the sound waves well absorped. The acoustic specifications are so good that this insulation is extremely suitable for reducing noise and reverberation.A pleasant acoustic environment is good for our health. It reduces stress and allows us to concentrate better. A good presentation, or making music, can only in a room with good acoustics. The products that are needed for this are made by VRK Acoustics.

ÖkoEvent

The package of measures “Green Events” describes some measures for waste prevention at public events in the city of Vienna. In particular, the platform “ÖkoEvent” (“eco event”) provides information, advice and consultation (free for local government departments of the City of Vienna, recipients of subsidies from the City of Vienna, Associations, NGOs, NPOs and Viennese education al institutions) for the organization of environmentally friendly events including concerning measures in the areas of event promotion, mobility, energy &amp; water, communication, catering, waste reduction and waste separation. Moreover, reusable tableware can be hired free of charge (costs arise for cleaning) through the platform. Events satisfying a criteria checklist (mandatory and voluntary criteria, http://www.umweltberatung.at/downloads/kriterienliste _oekoevent.pdf, in German), receive the appropriate rating (“eco event” or even “eco event plus”), are published online, get further PR-material to be displayed there and can declare their event to be a green event.

Waste Prevention Program: package of measures "Green Events"

Engaging in discussions with industry stakeholders to share circular economy best practices and push the industry towards greater circularity

Guidance, dialogue with industry stakeholders

 Spatial Planning

The adoption of STEP 2025 on 25 June 2014 by the Vienna City Council marks the final point of a development process that, spanning over two years, has led to the formulation of a common understanding of central challenges and of corresponding strategies and initiatives. In three chapters, the Urban Development Plan 2025 sketches a picture of the city and the future generations who will live and work in Vienna: (1) "Vienna, building the future" is the vision of a new urbanism in the city of the future; (2) "Vienna, reaching beyond its borders" is the vision of the future position of Vienna as a city of business and research, in the metropolitan region and in the European competition between locations; and (3) "Vienna, networking the city" is the vision of the future of mobility, green and social networks as the backbone of the city until 2025 and beyond.