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Circle Economy and ICLEI have partnered up to initiate the go to knowledge hub of case studies about the circular economy in cities. The Cities Collection is a repository of case studies that demonstrate the role of cities in the circular transition, and includes policies, business cases and research articles. Cases in the Collection flow into an ecosystem of digital products which support users in transitioning cities to circularity, for example [Ganbatte](https://ganbatte.world/cities/) and <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/" target="_blank">ICLEI Circulars</a>, both part of the <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/circle-lab-for-cities/" target = _blank">Circle Lab for Cities Programme.</a>

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Circular Cities

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Article / Report

Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

Impacts on the financial condition of a company, as well as the the economicconditions of its stakeholders and on economic systems at local, national, andglobal levels.

Economic Impact

Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Scalability

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Extracting resources and processing them to produce materials for use bysociety

Materials and Fuels

Societal Services

Providing public and private education and support services at any level or for any profession, and governmental and public administration services, including judicial, regulatory, and legislative activities, taxation, defence, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and the administration of government programmes

Education and Government Services

Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

Producing basic and specialty chemicals, inks, agricultural chemical such as fertilisers and pesticides, plastics including packaging, and rubber

Chemical and Plastic

Extracting and gathering wood through forestry and producing wood and paper products

Wood and Paper

Utilise waste streams as a source of secondary resources and recover waste for reuse and recycling

Use waste as a resource

Account for the systems perspective during the design process, to use the right materials, to design for appropriate lifetime and to design for extended future use

Design for the future

Work together throughout the supply chain, internally within organisations and with the public sector and communities to increase transparency and create joint value

Team up to create joint value

Reuse, repurpose, and recycle waste streams within the same industry

Valorise waste streams - closed loop

Reuse, repurpose, and recycle waste streams within other industries

Valorise waste streams - open loop

Designing to reduce waste during production and use

Design out waste

Engage with the government on circular policies and programmes

Government collaboration

Collection programmes that process products and parts for reuse or recycling within the same industry

Closed loop collection

Transforming waste products, materials for reuse within other industries

Open loop upcycling

Designing products so they produce as little waste as possible during production

Design for minimal waste

Participating in government programmes that support and advance the circular economy

Government programmes

'Inform' increases the overall levels of awareness and builds the necessary skills and knowledge around the circular economy to foster long-term change.

Inform

'Manage' influences the use and function of physical and material elements within the urban environment. 

Manage

Infrastructure

Develop infrastructure to support sustainable lifestyles

'Mobilise' sets the direction of and builds momentum towards long-term change, while also determining how this direction is determined and governed.

Mobilise

Visions and Ambitions

Roadmaps and strategies and targets

Raise awareness and run information campaigns about  strategies for and impacts of the circular economy in different contexts.

Communication and awareness

Awareness raising events

Develop infrastructure to support resource cycling

Information campaigns

Eliminate waste by maximizing the recovery of resources at the end of the use phase so that they can be reintroduced into production processes


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Recover

Ensure that household and business waste is collected and appropriately sorted (by type, label, etc.) to allow for maximum recovery of value.


Collect and sort waste to facilitate recovery

Manufactured goods, such as vehicles, textiles, appliances and equipment and their associated production processes are big employers but:
- production processes often rely on fossil fuels and currently drive one-third of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its GHG production, 
- material- and energy-intensive industrial activities are linked to deforestation and drive 15% on both the land use and freshwater planetary boundaries, 
- manufacturing goods results in substantial amounts of hazardous industrial waste and leaks chemicals into the environment.

Here, circular solutions must tackle the full value chain, but material demand must also shrink: this will necessitate a societal shift to favouring sufficiency over excess and reducing consumption to sustainable levels. Our four key solutions for manufactured goods are:
- Mainstream industrial symbiosis and efficiency : Achieve process improvements, scrap diversion and reduction in yield losses through greater industrial symbiosis and efficiency. Foster tighter collaboration within and between industries to deliver powerful material and emissions savings.
- Extend the lifetime of machinery, equipment, and goods: Maximise the lifetime of goods that serve our daily needs to bring a number of environmental benefits. 
- Buy what's needed: Reduce the number of purchases of common electronic goods, appliances, and other equipment to sufficiency levels. 
- Eschew fast fashion in favour of sustainable textiles: Drastically reduce new clothing purchases. All used clothing should go on to be repaired, reused or, if needed, recycled appropriately. Prioritise natural and local textile manufacturing, as well as higher-quality and more durable garments. 




👕📱 Consumer Goods

Communities

Governments

Mixed household waste - consisting of textiles, electronics, organic and other consumer goods - can be contaminated and difficult to separate, and hence limit the  recovery of materials and value.

Source separation reduces the upstream sorting cost and ensures that downstream recyclers receive clean feedstock, thus improving their ability to capture the value from post-consumer material streams. Source separation systems can take a variety of forms, such as providing a distributed network of collection points throughout a city for residents to drop off various types of waste materials. The most successful examples of this include: collection of electronics, plastics, waste oil, fabrics, metals, bulky goods, paper, cardboard, batteries, amongst others.

Local governments can support the implementation of the solution by developing and providing the necessary infrastructure throughout the city or engage in public-private partnerships to provide source separation systems. What is more, information campaigns can help to inform residents on which types of consumer goods can be recovered, and the most effective means of disposal. 


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👕📱  Source separation and collection systems for consumer goods 

Cycle strategies aim to cycle and reuse materials at their highest value: they maximise the volume of secondary materials re-entering the economy, ultimately minimising the need for virgin material inputs and therefore also narrowing flows. Of course, virgin materials will always be needed to a degree: all materials degrade and can’t be cycled infinitely, use energy, and require blending with virgin materials to maintain strength and functionality.

Cycle

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

The Circular City Actions Framework provides urban changemakers with five complementary strategies they can use to start working towards a more circular system. 

The framework is action-based to provide users with concrete strategic directions and showcase the desired outcomes of each strategy. 
The framework consists of five complementary **strategies**, under which **sub-strategies** provide further detail. Finally, each sub-strategy consists of a diversity of tangible **solutions** which are framed in relation to key thematic areas. 

Note: solutions are currently focused on:
- 🍏 **Food systems**
- 🏢  **Built environment**
- 👕📱  **Consumer goods**
- ⚡ **Energy Systems**
- 🚌 **Mobility Systems**
- 💧 **Water Systems**

More thematic areas are coming soon...

'Click through each of the five strategy cards below to explore the framework and circular economy case studies in more depth!'



This framework was developed in collaboration with ICLEI, Metabolic and Ellen MacArthur Foundation with support from the MAVA Foundation. Read more about it [here]( https://circulars.iclei.org/action-framework/). 



Circular City Actions Framework

An action-based framework for local governments working towards circular cities

Thematic Areas

City Stakeholders

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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  TEACHING THE VILLAGE ON WASTE MANAGEMENT. City Solid Waste Management Board Officers conduct their village assemblies in Batangas City to intensify information and education awareness and enforcement of Republic Act 9003 or the 'Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000' and the City Environment Code during the first village assembly at Tulo Village onTuesday (Jan. 22, 2019). (Photo courtesy of Batangas CIO)  BATANGAS CITY -- Garbage trucks configured with compartmentalized sections for collected solid wastes are roving around the city’s 18 villages to intensify enforcement and awareness on Republic Act 9003 or the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000” and the City Environment Code.Joyce Cantre, chief of the city’s General Services Department (GSD), said the truck has partitions for biodegrable and non-biodegradable wastes as collectors stuff the segregated garbage into the truck and refuse to accept unsegregated ones.Cantre said the strategy aims to instill awareness among residents in the 18 villages on waste segregation not only in observance this January as “Zero Waste Month” but also in promoting the culture of cleanliness and upkeep in their homes and villages.She said the trucks are also covered to avoid spilling garbage on roads and streets during collection.As part of engaging the communities, the city government has been holding its series of assemblies on Solid Waste Management starting with the 18 barangays under the Cluster Solid East in Barangay Tulo last January 22.City officials assessed that through the formation of the Barangay Solid Waste Management Board, the villagers have started complying with the city environment code on waste segregation policy and establishment of the Integrated Materials Recovery Facility. (Maroe T. Genosa/PNA)  

Batangas

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Municipality of Batangas

Batangas City government deploys trash segregation trucks around the city, aiming to give locals a sense of awareness about waste segregation and zero-waste practices. Moreover, the truck has partitions for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes as collectors stuff the segregated garbage into the truck and refuse to accept unsegregated ones.As part of engaging the communities, the city government has been holding its series of assemblies on Solid Waste Management starting with the 18 barangays under the Cluster Solid East in Barangay Tulo last January 22.

Batangas City deploys trash-segregation trucks in 18 villages

Policy case

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Reduced use and withdrawal of water and rate of recycling and reuse of water

Save Water (SDG6)

Reduced use of fossil fuel energy sources and/or increased use of renewable energy

Reduce Energy Consumption

Contributing to the improvement of biodiversity including species diversity, total number of protected species, and ecosystem health

Biodiversity

Producing agricultural products and processing them into food and beverageproducts for consumption

Agri/Food

Producing and providing business and consumer goods and services

Goods and Services

Producing building materials and providing services to create residential and non-residential infrastructure and real estate


Construction and Infrastructure

Utilise bio-based, reusable, non-toxic and non-critical materials

Regenerative materials

Replace energy sources with less impactful alternatives and enact energy efficiency measures

Regenerative energy

'Regulate' changes the rules of the systems to achieve compliance through enforcement. 


Regulate

 Regulation

Environmental assessment & permits

Redesign systems to lay the foundation for circular activities and enable the transition to a circular economy 

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Rethink

High-level changes to policy and practice (such as taxation systems, investment and procurement guidelines and criteria) that disincentivize activities that perpetuate linear economic systems, as well as vision-setting (goals, roadmaps) to catalyze
action on circularity across the city

Eliminate linear incentives and set goals and incentives for circularity

The food system nourishes populations and employs 50% of the global workforce, but:
- it currently drives a quarter of the overshoot on the climate change planetary boundary due to its greenhouse gas (GHG) production, 
- animal farming alone uses over one-quarter of all land, equivalent to the size of the Americas,
- nearly a quarter of freshwater resources are lost due to rampant food waste, and
- it is the single largest driver of biodiversity loss.

A circular food system must address the whole value chain, from production to consumption to waste management. The four key solutions for the food system are:
- Put healthier, satiating foods first: Prioritise satiating and healthy foods with a lower environmental impact—ideally shifting calories from meat, fish, and dairy towards cereals, fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
- Go local, seasonal, and organic: Prioritise the production and consumption of local, seasonal, and organic produce (sometimes in combination with GMO to reduce pests and disease loss on crops), which can lead to a significantly reduced need for chemical inputs, fuels, and processing services that contribute to environmental impacts.
- Mainstream regenerative agriculture: Scale up agricultural practices that regenerate ecosystems, recirculate nutrients and sequester carbon by design. 
- End avoidable food waste: Minimise food loss and valorise waste following the food waste hierarchy along the supply chain and at the consumer level through better management of transport and storage, more refrigeration and smart planning, and technology at the consumer and food service levels.



🍏 Food Systems

Cities consume about 75% of global energy and emit between 50% and 60% of global greenhouse gases (UN-Habitat). To reduce the negative impact of their energy consumption, cities need to shift away from fossil fuels and move towards renewable energy sources. Such a shift will help cities work towards their climate change mitigation and adaptation action plans. Renewable energy technologies such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal can also help improve access to energy in vulnerable and marginalised neighbourhoods through, for example, decentralised, off-grid solutions.

Renewable energy technologies can harvest the energy in nature’s processes, such as wind, and solar radiation and geothermal heat, that can be replenished within a human lifespan. In contrast, fossil fuels are materials that are not replenished within a human lifespan and are combusted for energy, losing the fuel material and resulting in emissions.

Local governments can develop sustainable energy plans, considering different energy resources and requirements, to develop a robust strategy for the development of renewable energy technologies and infrastructure throughout the city. They can also institute specific legislation and tax systems to regulate energy production and consumption, incentivise research and development of cleaner, more efficient technologies. Via Power Purchase Agreements cities can buy renewable energy from green energy providers and fix the price in order to provide security to financial institutions to finance renewable energy infrastructure. Furthermore, increasing awareness and facilitating capacity-building on planning urban sustainable energy projects can help the uptake of clean energy across the city by different stakeholders—from citizens to businesses and institutions. Facilitating collaboration, then, will be crucial, since private companies operate most of the world’s energy systems.


⚡ Energy Systems

The built environment, including housing, commercial buildings, and the necessary infrastructure for mobility, is essential for our livelihoods, but:
- the extraction of minerals used to produce construction materials is responsible for a quarter of global land use change,
- approximately 40% of global GHG emissions can be attributed to buildings’ construction, use and demolition, and
- construction and demolition processes drive nearly one-third of all material consumption. 

Making the built environment more circular must prioritise a heavy reduction in material use—while also closing the loop on materials and bringing secondary and renewable material choices to the fore. Our four key solutions for the built environment are:
- Make the most of what already exists: Make the most of existing materials by reusing, repurposing, upgrading and renovating following circular approaches. Where new builds are needed, use secondary materials and be as efficient as possible with urban planning solutions that follow circular design principles so that buildings can be reused, repurposed, and easily disassembled in the future.
- Be as energy efficient as possible: From the design phase, utilise circular strategies to create material- and energy efficient buildings. Couple these designs with a rollout of clean energy solutions, and prioritise energy-efficient appliances and retrofitting. 
- Utilise secondary materials: Maximise the high-value reuse of buildings and components where possible. Ideally, enable the utilisation of construction and demolition outputs and ensure that as much of it as possible is recycled to avoid the need for virgin materials, such as sand and gravel.
- Prioritise circular materials and approaches: Transition to using renewable wood, timber or cross-laminated timber instead of steel and concrete, or move to other locally available materials. Utilise mainstream modular construction and prioritise lightweight frames and structures to reduce cement and steel use, as well as green roofs where possible.



🏢 Built Environment

The demand for transport is rising globally—but current modes are heavily material- and fossil-fuels-intensive. Emissions from the transport system could grow by 60% by 2050, and transport is the number-one user of oil worldwide. GHG emissions result not only in warming global temperatures, but also in ocean acidification, which has severe consequences for entire ecosystems and further destabilises our climate. The transport system also drives land-use change and biodiversity loss through the development of infrastructure—also releasing harmful pollutants into the ocean. Key circular solutions:

- Embrace and enable car-free lifestyles
- Invest in high-quality public transport
- Rethink unnecessary air travel
- Electrify remaining vehicles

🚌 Mobility Systems

Regenerate strategies phase out hazardous or toxic materials and processes and substitute them with regenerative biomass resources. A circular economy aims to mimic natural cycles—by shifting to more regenerative farming practices, for example—while also maximising the share of circular biomass that enters the economy. Regeneration can happen both at the systems level (by designing regenerative processes) as well as at the product level (by switching synthetic to organic fertilisers, for example).

Regenerate

 One value that Filipinos are known for is having close family ties that come from having extended family structures. Whether it’s spending time together or venturing into new experiences, family always comes to mind.  Sisters Jercyl and Fiona Uy consider farming as a family affair since they work together with their parents in managing their farm known as Batangas Sunset Farm in the town of Lian, Batangas.  “Together, we work with our parents for Batangas Sunset Farm. Jercyl is assigned the marketing, web and business development tasks while Fiona is in charge of the purchasing, branding, and design work,” the sisters explained.  Due to their digital skills and familiarity with online platforms, the sisters thought that their knowledge can contribute to the front end of their farm’s effort in bringing its produce directly to consumers to help provide food security especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Batangas Sunset Integrated Farm (BSF) is a mango and vegetable farm that also serves as a goat sanctuary. The farm got its name from the sunset view that can be seen from the cottage in the area. “We originally wanted to name it ‘Ananda’ which is Sanskrit for ‘happiness’ as it is our refuge from the city. But since our bahay kubo is situated at the highest point of the property, we get to revel in a gorgeous sunset everyday. We decided that the chosen name was more apt for the spectacular view,” the sisters said.  The history behind the farm  It was around February 2019 when the family acquired the farm. By then, the area already had fruit-bearing mango trees of the Philippine carabao and Pico variety. When they first acquired the farm, there were already mangoes of the Philippine carabao and Pico variety growing in the area. The Pico variety is more slender, tender, richer, and sweeter but lacks the distinct aroma of the Philippine carabao mango.  One reason why the family decided to go into farming is because they are working towards following a plant-based diet. As their vegetable consumption increased, they thought of growing their own food since it’s more practical and sustainable.  In addition, they also want to create a safe haven for animals on their farm.  “Our family is strongly against animal cruelty–our dad being the biggest advocate. He often rescues stray cats and dogs who were supposed to be the original inhabitants of the farm. In the end, the pets stayed in the city because our father preferred to put goats in since they serve as natural mowers on our mango farm. There, they can freely roam the area and eat as much grass as they want,” Jercyl and Fiona said. Aside from being a farm, BSF is also a goat sanctuary. Prior to BSF, the family patriarch worked and lived for a while in Batangas City as a consultant in designing caging systems for livestock. While doing so, he liked the farm lifestyle and learned a few things about operating a farm.  At BSF, the Uy sisters shared that their father is in charge of the farm operations. Jercyl and Fiona would visit the farm weekly to keep track of progress, align with the staff, and plan their next steps.  “One of our favorite activities on the farm is putting seeds in seed trays for germination,” they said.  By working hand-in-hand with their father and the staff on the farm, Jercyl and Fiona not only assist in promoting the farm to the already competitive market, but they also get to help out with the tasks on the farm while immersing themselves in the farm life that they came to love.  Mangoes, vegetables, and goats  When the family acquired the farm in February 2019, there were mango trees of the Philippine carabao and Pico variety already growing in the area.  “Aside from mango trees, we also grow lowland vegetables such as chili, okra, sitaw, eggplant, patola, tomato, and cucumber,” the Uy sisters said. Lowland vegetables like okra are also being grown on the farm. The sisters added that they are also starting to plant corn that they can feed to their goats and they are also planning to start growing papayas soon.  Meanwhile, the farm is presently harvesting around 150 kilos of lowland vegetables every week which they sell at prices that are 30 to 40 percent lower than those in the market. Their goal is to triple the yield in the next quarter as they maximize the space available for tillage.  When it comes to maintaining their crops, the sisters said that they try to steer clear from using a lot of chemical fertilizers and insecticides on the farm. They also use goat manure to enrich the soil before they transplant the seedlings onto prepared plots.  “Our main goal is to make the soil healthier for our vegetables and plants. The weeds and unwanted growth are fed to our goats,” Jercyl and Fiona said.  Their goats are a mix of the Anglo-Nubian variety and some native ones. Since the family patriarch is an advocate of animal welfare, the goats in BSF have their own sanitary bamboo house and are fed by the staff regularly throughout the day.  “We do not actually earn any income from our goats as of the moment. They are with us for humanitarian reasons. By having them, we remind ourselves to be compassionate towards other sentient living beings. Besides, they give us tremendous joy with their funny antics,” the sisters said.  Apart from the crops that grow on the farm, BSF makes an income from by-products made from its chili harvest. This includes chili flakes, chili sauces, and chili garlic crunch. The sisters added that they also sell plant-themed eco-friendly items like tote bags, aprons, and harvest bags.  Learning how to manage the farm with the help of others  Prior to BSF, the sisters had little experience in farming which they made up for by researching and accessing any available material on farming knowledge.  “We did experiment with several crops last year to develop the skills needed in order to prepare in growing more crops on a commercial scale. We [also] get tips from our friendly farmer neighbors, friends, experienced staff, and from our grandfather who grew up with exposure from their own farm in Nueva Vizcaya,” the sisters said. Despite not having any prior experience in farming, the sisters made up for it by gaining knowledge about the trade from training, seminars, and from the friendly farrmers on the farm. Aside from this, they also completed online courses from the Agricultural Training Institute and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority.  But when it comes to running the farm, the sisters need not worry since their father created a planting and harvest schedule to ensure that the land is properly utilized.  There’s a daily work schedule for the staff and their main activities include feeding and checking on the goats health condition, watering and pruning the crops, as well as checking the crops’ status like its growth, pests and weed control, and preparation of compost. “We salute the hard work of our staff and the support we’re getting from our neighbors especially during the lockdown. In the near future, we hope to integrate modern farming practices to improve monitoring and efficiency,” said Jercyl and Fiona Uy.  For more information, visit Batangas Sunset Farm on Facebook.  Read more about farming and gardening at agriculture.com.ph.  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The City government of Batangas' Environmental Code outlines measures for construction and demolition waste and green infrastructure development. The purpose of this article, among others, is to embody the shared vision of the constituents of Batangas City for the environment and its influence on sustaining the general welfare of the people of the City, as well as outlining relevant legislations for each area of interet. The article focuses on the following areas:- Urban, Agricultural, Industrial, Commercial, Residential, Institutional, Infrastructure, and Conservation Areas- Green building design infrastructure- Forest, marine and freshwater, mineral, energy and water resources- River systems- Ecotourism- Ecological, hazardous and agricultural&nbsp;solid waste management- Air quality - Biodiversity and biosafety- Environmental impact assessment and management systems - Environmental information and education - The role and instruments of the Batangas City Environmental Council (BCEC)