Business case

Impact on the health and happiness of human populations

Well-being

Reduced use and withdrawal of water and rate of recycling and reuse of water

Save Water (SDG6)

Contributing to the improvement of biodiversity including species diversity, total number of protected species, and ecosystem health

Biodiversity

Producing and gathering crop and animal products from land and water through farming, hunting, and fishing

Agriculture

Ensure renewable, reusable, non-toxic resources are utilised as materials and energy in an efficient way

Prioritise regenerative resources

Utilise waste streams as a source of secondary resources and recover waste for reuse and recycling

Use waste as a resource

Replace freshwater with less impactful alternatives and enact water efficiency measures

Regenerative water

Replacing freshwater use with rainwater, fogwater, seawater, etc.

Alternative water use

Regenerate strategies phase out hazardous or toxic materials and processes and substitute them with regenerative biomass resources. A circular economy aims to mimic natural cycles—by shifting to more regenerative farming practices, for example—while also maximising the share of circular biomass that enters the economy. Regeneration can happen both at the systems level (by designing regenerative processes) as well as at the product level (by switching synthetic to organic fertilisers, for example).

Regenerate

Cycle strategies aim to cycle and reuse materials at their highest value: they maximise the volume of secondary materials re-entering the economy, ultimately minimising the need for virgin material inputs and therefore also narrowing flows. Of course, virgin materials will always be needed to a degree: all materials degrade and can’t be cycled infinitely, use energy, and require blending with virgin materials to maintain strength and functionality.

Cycle

Impacts

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Industries

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The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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 Building upon previous work of the International Resource Panel on Decoupling Natural Resource Use and Environmental Impacts from Economic Growth, this report examines the potential for decoupling at the city level. As the majority of the world’s population now lives in cities, and cities are where most resource consumption takes place, both the pressures and potential to find ways to reconcile economic growth, wellbeing and the sustainable use of natural resources will be greatest in cities. 
Analysing the role of cities as spatial nodes where the major resource flows connect as goods, services and waste, the report’s focus is how infrastructure directs material flows and, therefore, resource use, productivity and efficiency in an urban context. It makes the case for examining cities from a material flow perspective, while also placing the city within the broader system of flows that make it possible for it to function. 
The report also highlights the way that the design, construction and operation of energy, waste, water, sanitation and transport infrastructures create a socio-technical environment that shapes the “way of life” of citizens and how they procure, use and dispose of the resources they require. Its approach is innovative in that it frames infrastructure networks as socio-technical systems, examining pressures for change within cities that go beyond technical considerations.  The importance of intermediaries as the dominant agents for change is emphasized, as well as the fact that social processes and dynamics need to be understood and integrated into any assessment of urban infrastructure interventions and the reconfiguration of resource flows. 
A set of 30 case studies provide examples of innovative approaches to sustainable infrastructure change across a broad range of urban contexts that could inspire leaders of other cities to embrace similar creative solutions. Of course, innovations in and of themselves do not suffice if they are not integrated into larger strategic visions for the city, and as each city is unique, interventions need to be tailored to the set of challenges and opportunities present in each case.
• UNEP (2013) City-Level Decoupling: Urban resource flows and the governance of infrastructure transitions. A Report of the Working Group on Cities of the International Resource Panel. Swilling M., Robinson B., Marvin S. and Hodson M. Page 2                 Through a combination of resource efficiency, climate mitigation, carbon removal, and biodiversity protection policies, this report finds that it is feasible and possible to grow...          Through a combination of resource efficiency, climate mitigation, carbon removal, and biodiversity protection policies, this report finds that it is feasible and possible to grow...           We have a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to shift future urbanization on to a more environmentally sustainable and socially just path. The Weight of Cities suggests a new approach to...          We have a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to shift future urbanization on to a more environmentally sustainable and socially just path. The Weight of Cities suggests a new approach to...           Better and more efficient production and use of natural resources can be one of the most cost-efficient and effective ways to reduce impacts on the environment (including pollution)...          Better and more efficient production and use of natural resources can be one of the most cost-efficient and effective ways to reduce impacts on the environment (including pollution)...           Most resource consumption takes place in cities. How a city is designed shapes how its inhabitants use transport, energy and water, and dispose of waste. The challenge is to build...          Most resource consumption takes place in cities. How a city is designed shapes how its inhabitants use transport, energy and water, and dispose of waste. The challenge is to build...           This report gives a scientific assessment of which global environmental problems present the biggest challenges, and weighs up the impacts of various economic activities to identify...          This report gives a scientific assessment of which global environmental problems present the biggest challenges, and weighs up the impacts of various economic activities to identify...         

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Accra

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International Water Management Institute and the Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security

This consists of 15 member-groups including NGOs, CSOs, the University of Ghana, farmers associations and, crucially, governmental departments of planning, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, and the Accra Metropolitan Assembly

 Accra Working Group on Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture (AWGUPA)

"Against a background of water scarcity, urban farmers in Accra lacking access to clean piped water to irrigate their crops, or unable to afford to use the water available, have been turning to wastewater as a solution. Accra’s expanding metropolitan population is putting greater demand on the water supply, leading authorities to declare it illegal to used piped water for irrigation without paying a surcharge. As a result, farmers and their forebears who in many cases have cultivated their plots for over 50 years have been filtering water out of the waste stream. Adopting this practice has enabled them to maintain their livelihoods and their own sustenance, and to contribute to the greater food security of local communities and by implication the city itself. With clean water difficult to come by, wastewater has a vital enabling role in urban agriculture practice, which itself is the building-block for a value chain of related employment activities in the informal sector" Text by Matthew Wood-Hill in https://www.resourcepanel.org/file/323/download?token=oYh3a-SH

Closing the resource loop through Urban Agriculture in Accra,
Ghana

Article / Report

Producing agricultural products and processing them into food and beverageproducts for consumption

Agri/Food

**End poverty in all its forms and everywhere**

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Since 2015, global poverty reduction was already slowing down and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic reversed three decades of steady progress with the number of people living in extreme poverty increasing for the first time in a generation. Recovery from the pandemic has been slow and uneven as the world is presently facing multiple geopolitical, socioeconomic, and climatic risks. 
Given current trends, 575 million people (nearly 7% of the world’s population) will still be living in extreme poverty in 2030 compared to 800 million in 2015 (or 10.8%). 
A surge in action and investment to enhance job opportunities and extend social services to the most excluded is crucial to delivering on the central commitment to ending poverty.
The 2030 Agenda acknowledges that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development.


Priority actions on poverty eradication include:
- improving access to sustainable livelihoods, entrepreneurial opportunities, and productive resources;
- providing universal access to basic social services;
- progressively developing social protection systems to support those who cannot support themselves;
- empowering people living in poverty and their organizations;
- addressing the disproportionate impact of poverty on women;
- working with interested donors and recipients to allocate increased shares of ODA to poverty eradication; and
- intensifying international cooperation for poverty eradication.

 For more information and documents on this topic, please visit [this link](https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/povertyeradication)

Sources: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1](https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1)
[https://sdgs.un.org/topics/poverty-eradication](https://sdgs.un.org/topics/poverty-eradication)

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1. No poverty   

End poverty in all its forms and everywhere

Narrow strategies reduce material and energy use. Currently, material use is highly inefficient and ineffective; we can deliver similar social outcomes by using much less and phasing out fossil fuels, for example. This doesn’t mean being worse off, but rather focusing on using materials efficiently: think in terms of riding a bike instead of driving a car, eating less meat, and living in a space that suits your needs. Using less is a core tenet of the circular economy—yet currently, the threshold for sustainable consumption, 8 tonnes per person, is being surpassed by 1.5 times. 

Narrow

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**These 17 Goals recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.**

The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, and especially on the Millennium Declaration adopted in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York which let to the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme poverty by 2015.

In 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed. A major blueprint came out of this: The Sustainable Development Goals: 17 overarching goals—and 169 targets—that governments are aiming to meet by 2030. Significant progress has been made in terms of poverty, health and inequality, but there's still a way to go. This is where the circular economy comes in: by circulating resources multiple times, the circular economy tackles issues of scarcity and allows all to access what they need—without overburdening the earth. If it's implemented in a holistic way—affording attention to social considerations and the fair distribution of resources— it also offers a pathway for achieving the SDGs; and the link between the two is ever-growing. To read more about the link between the SDGs and the circular economy, click [here](https://www.circle-economy.com/blogs/how-the-circular-economy-can-help-us-reach-the-sustainable-development-goals).

It is the Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) in the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) which provides substantive support and capacity-building for the SDGs and their related thematic issues. TheDSDG plays a key role in the evaluation of UN systemwide implementation of the 2030 Agenda and in advocacy and outreach activities relating to the SDGs. In order to make the 2030 Agenda a reality, broad ownership of the SDGs must translate into a strong commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals. DSDG aims to help facilitate this engagement.
Alongside this, the annual High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development serves as the central UN platform for the follow-up and review of the SDGs.
In addition, the UN Secretary-General presents an annual SDG Progress report, which is developed in cooperation with the UN System, and based on the global indicator framework and data produced by national statistical systems and information collected at the regional level.

To read more information: [https://sdgs.un.org/goals](https://sdgs.un.org/goals)

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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日本の「すぐに飲める」コーヒー市場とは<a href="https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/jp/%E6%A5%AD%E7%95%8C-%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88/%E3%81%99%E3%81%90%E3%81%AB%E9%A3%B2%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B-rtd-%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC-%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88-100285" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">RTD コーヒー（Ready-to-Drink コーヒー）と</a>は、缶やペットボトル、紙パックなどに入った、開封後すぐに飲めるコーヒー飲料を指します。コーヒーを淹れる手間がなく、コンビニ、自動販売機、スーパーなどで手軽に購入できるため、忙しい現代人の日常に浸透しています。日本では、便利さと多様な製品構成により、幅広い世代から支持され続けています。市場規模と成長調査によると、日本の RTD コーヒー市場は大きな規模を持ち、家庭向けチャネル（コンビニ・スーパー等）では約 11.64 billion USD に達しています。また別の調査では、2024 年の市場規模は 1,114.3 million USD、2030 年までに 1,689.4 million USD に拡大すると予測されています。年平均成長率（CAGR）は約 7.1% と見込まれており、安定的な成長が続く市場となっています。RTD コーヒー市場は、以下の要素によって成長を続けています：缶、PET ボトル、紙パックなど、パッケージ形態の多様化コンビニ、自動販売機、スーパー、オンラインなど、多様な流通チャネル消費者のライフスタイル変化による手軽な飲料への需要増加無料サンプルをダウンロード:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/jp/%E5%95%8F%E3%81%84%E5%90%88%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9B/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88-%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB-pdf/%E3%81%99%E3%81%90%E3%81%AB%E9%A3%B2%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B-rtd-%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC-%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88-100285" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/jp/%E5%95%8F%E3%81%84%E5%90%88%E3%82%8F%E3%81%9B/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88-%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB-pdf/%E3%81%99%E3%81%90%E3%81%AB%E9%A3%B2%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B-rtd-%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC-%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88-100285</a>成長を支える主要トレンド1. 利便性とライフスタイルの変化時間を節約できる飲料として、RTD コーヒーは日常生活に欠かせない存在となっています。高密度のコンビニ網や日本独自の自動販売機市場が RTD コーヒーの普及を強く支えています。2. プレミアム化・高付加価値化従来の「手軽で安い飲料」という位置づけから、無糖・低糖高品質豆を使用したプレミアムブレンド機能性（カフェイン量、成分強化など）といった高付加価値商品への需要が増加しています。これにより、味や品質、健康を重視する層にも市場が広がっています。3. パッケージ・チャネルの多様化缶、ペットボトル、紙パック、ボトル入りなどの多彩な包装が生まれ、用途やシーンに応じて選びやすくなっています。また、EC・オンラインチャネルの拡大により、若年層を中心とした新たな購買層へのアクセスも拡大しています。今後の市場展望継続成長が期待RTD コーヒー市場は今後も堅調な成長が見込まれています。特に、プレミアム製品健康志向型飲料サステナブル商品の投入が市場競争を後押しする見込みです。若年層需要の拡大オンライン販売や SNS を活用したマーケティングにより、若年層の需要拡大が続くと予想されています。健康・サステナビリティへの対応低糖・無糖、オーガニック、フェアトレードなどの高付加価値 RTD コーヒーは、今後さらに需要が増すと考えられています。情報源：<a href="https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/jp/%E6%A5%AD%E7%95%8C-%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88/%E3%81%99%E3%81%90%E3%81%AB%E9%A3%B2%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B-rtd-%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC-%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88-100285" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/jp/%E6%A5%AD%E7%95%8C-%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88/%E3%81%99%E3%81%90%E3%81%AB%E9%A3%B2%E3%82%81%E3%82%8B-rtd-%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC-%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88-100285</a>まとめ日本の RTD コーヒー市場は、利便性・品質・多様性を兼ね備えた成熟市場として成長を続けています。時間効率を重視する現代の生活スタイルに適していることに加え、プレミアム化健康志向新しいパッケージやチャネルといった要素が市場拡大をさらに後押ししています。企業にとっては、新しいフレーバーや機能性商品の開発、魅力的なパッケージ、オンライン販売強化などが競争優位の鍵となるでしょう。主要な業界動向：2020年3月、米国拠点のイリーは、自然な甘みと最小限の酸味を特徴とする「イリー コールドブリュー RTDコーヒー」を発売した。この展開により、同社は製品ポートフォリオの強化を図った。2020年2月、ダノンブランドのSTok Cold Brewは「コールドブリュー RTDコーヒー」を発売した。ダノンのコールドブリューRTDコーヒー製品は、味と利便性を損なうことなくコーヒーにさらなる価値を求める消費者に最適です。