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This collection features a selection of case studies, based on the global *Circularity Gap Reports*, that can mitigate climate breakdown by reducing virgin material consumption, waste and greenhouse gas emissions. The latest **[Circularity Gap Report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023#download)** reveals that the global economy is now only 7.2% circular and outlines how circular solutions across four sectors can bring global planetary boundaries back within safe limits. 

In the six years of the *Circularity Gap Report*, the global economy has extracted and used unprecedented amounts of materials. The first edition of the *Report *in 2018 found that global circularity was 9.1% and it has decreased every year since—leaving a Circularity Gap of over 90%. If this trend continues, we will have to find more and better solutions to combat the negative effects of climate change. This is why we have identified case studies from across the globe—based on the needs of society and planetary health—that serve as real-world examples of the circular economy in action.

Circle Economy is a not-for-profit organisation working to accelerate the circular transition. Through the *Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative*, our mission is to deliver an annual global Circularity Metric that measures the state of the world economy and identifies key levers to transition to global circularity. With nature as our guide, we work alongside cross-sector stakeholders from academia, businesses, NGOs and governments to provide a powerful combination of practical and scalable interventions that transform circular opportunities into realities. 


To learn more about these interventions to accelerate the circular transition, read the latest [Circularity Gap Report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023#download), as well as previous editions of the global [Circularity Gap Reports](https://www.circularity-gap.world/global).

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Global Circularity Gap Report 2023

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Business case

Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

Impacts on the financial condition of a company, as well as the the economicconditions of its stakeholders and on economic systems at local, national, andglobal levels.

Economic Impact

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Direct and indirect reduction in economic costs

Cost Savings

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Producing transporation equipment and providing services for thetransportation of goods and people

Transportation and Logistics

Societal Services

Providing public and private education and support services at any level or for any profession, and governmental and public administration services, including judicial, regulatory, and legislative activities, taxation, defence, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and the administration of government programmes

Education and Government Services

Producing transportation equipment for the movement of goods and people by air, rail, sea, and land, including airplanes, spacecraft and military equipment, ships, boats, rail locomotives and rolling stock, motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers, and related equipment, as well as repair services for such equipment

Transportation Equipment

Consider opportunities to create greater value and align incentives that build on the interaction between products and services

Rethink the business model

Work together throughout the supply chain, internally within organisations and with the public sector and communities to increase transparency and create joint value

Team up to create joint value

Use digital, online platforms and technologies that provide insights to track and optimise resource use, strengthen connections between supply chain actors, and enable the implementation of circular models



Incorporate digital technology

Deliver products through business models that ensure maximum value

Product business models

Engage with the local community where facilities or offices are located

Community collaboration

Employ technologies to gather and analyse data to provide insights on resource use

Data and insights

Employ online platforms to connect and improve information sharing between stakeholders

Digital platforms

Providing products through leasing, rental, or pay-per-use models instead of sales

Leasing, rental, pay per use

Initiatives with disadvantaged communities, minorities, people distanced from the labour market

Give-back programmes

Installing sensors to gather data from products and services to identify, enable and/or implement circular strategies (eg. effective resource use & logistics planning, circular business models & design)

Sensors, monitoring systems

Developing or utilising online platforms to enable circular economy opportunities through information, product or service offering

Online platforms

Developing or utilising online marketplaces to enable the peer-to-peer exchange of products and services

Peer-to-peer online marketplaces

Build countries consume 13% of the global material footprint, while they account for almost 50% of the population. 

Examples include countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia such as: 
- Bangladesh
- Ethiopia
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- The Philippines
- Some small island states, ...

Minimal contribution to the overshoot of planetary boundaries: these countries contribute 20% of land use change, 30% of
freshwater use, 23% of phosphorus emissions to soil, and 11% of nitrogen emissions.

To find out what country profile your country belongs to, explore [this interactive story](https://circularity-gap.world) and search for your country on the final map.

Build

A considerable resource footprint is taken up by our need for mobility. In particular, two resource types are used: the materials to build transport technologies and vehicles like cars, trains and airplanes; plus, predominantly, the fossil fuels burned to power them.



Mobility

- Recycle vehicles at end-of-use
- Use recycled metal and plastics for vehicles

Saving: 1.50 Gt emissions and 3.33 Gt material use

🚗  Circular vehicles

Impacts

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Industries

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The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

Whilst no two countries are the same, there are still obvious similarities between some of them, with discernible development patterns and parallels in evidence. Common problems and shared solutions help place unique country identities and individual issues in context.

Whilst this classification is far from clear-cut and exhibits some overlap, it does underline how the discourse on transitioning to a circular economy needs to account for both differences and commonalities, if we are to arrive at a more strategic and instructive analysis. It also allows to highlight a set of key themes that are likely to be central to the countries that fall under the respective profiles. 

Country profiles (Build, Grow, Shift)

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A framework to distinguish between different country profiles and their circular transition needs.

The framework consists of 21 complementary interventions, across six scenarios - one for each of the six societal needs we model. These interventions can mitigate climate impact by curbing GHG emissions

Note: interventions are currently focused on:
- 🏠 Housing 
- 🍎 Nutrition
- 🚗 Mobility
- 👚📺 Consumables
- 👩‍⚕️👨‍⚕️ Healthcare
-  🔊 Communication

These 21 interventions are spread across six societal needs and wants, with a set of solutions. Within these solutions are strategies on ’how to get there'.  

The framework moves beyond incremental action and provides solutions that will require behavioral change (dietary shifts towards less meat consumption, for example) and the adoption of state-of-the-art technologies in the industry to mitigate emissions in hard-to-abate sectors (such as steel manufacturing). It illustrates how continued globalisation can benefit from the uptake of digital solutions. The combined interventions showcase the mitigation potential that begins where the current country pledges end; illustrating the additional impact our interventions can bring to the NDCs. In short, the interventions provide input for a more profound fundamental transformation than the more current pathways that make up the vast majority of NDCs. 

Together, the combined interventions can almost double the current global Circularity Metric of 8.6%, bringing it to 17%. 

This results in:
• Shrinking global material use and extraction by 28%. 
• Cutting global GHG emissions by 39%—fully closing the Emissions Gap as defined in our report and taking into account the updated NDCs.
• Allowing the world to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of keeping at 1.5-degrees of warming by 2032.

*This framework was developed in the Circularity Gap Report 2021. Read more about it [here](https://www.circle-economy.com/resources/circularity-gap-report-2021)*






Global Circularity Gap Report

An intervention-based framework for nations and stakeholders working towards circular countries

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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    Coronavirus: Aktuelle Informationen          Pressekonferenz am 14. Dezember 2020   Kurt Haider
Abteilung Umweltschutz – Land OÖ  Reparaturbonus – eine Erfolgsgeschichte Reparieren statt Wegwerfen - dieses Prinzip der Kreislaufwirtschaft ist eine große Chance für den Klimaschutz, verursacht viel weniger CO2-Emissionen und wird immer erfolgreicher. So konnte von September 2018 bis Dezember 2019 rund 260 Tonnen Elektroschrott eingespart werden. Nun folgt ein neuer Reparaturbonus des Landes – mit noch größerem ökologischen Steuerungseffekt, so LR Kaineder. 
Quelle: Land OÖ, Verwendung mit Quellenangabe       



Discarded electronic and electrical equipment contains potentially harmful materials that pollute the environment and increase the risks for people involved in recycling e-waste. To counter this problem, the EU has passed legislation to prevent the use of certain chemicals, like lead.

Many rare minerals that are needed in modern technology come from countries that do not respect human rights. To avoid inadvertently supporting armed conflict and human rights abuses, MEPs have adopted rules requiring European importers of rare earth minerals to carry out background checks on their suppliers.
 
In March 2020, the European Commission presented a new  circular economy action plan that has as one of its priorities the reduction of electronic and electrical waste. The proposal specifically outlined immediate goals like creating the right to repair and improving reusability in general, the introduction of a common charger and establishing a rewards system to encourage recycling electronics.USB Type-C will become the common charger for most electronic devices in the EU by the end of 2024. Laptops will have to be equipped with a USB Type-C port by 28 April 2026.In March 2023, the Commission presented a new proposal to promote repairing and reusing goods. Within the legal guarantee It would require sellers to repair products unless it is cheaper to replace them. Beyond the guarantee, it would provide rights to make repairs easier and cheaper.

              Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004  (the CPC Regulation) lays down a cooperation framework to allow national authorities from all countries in the European Economic Area to jointly address breaches of consumer rules when the trader and the consumer are established in different countries.Collectively, the national authorities form a European enforcement network, the "CPC Network".National enforcement authorities have strong powers to address unlawful practices and identify rogue traders. They can request information from domain registrars and banks to detect the identity of the responsible trader, carry out mystery shopping, for example, to check geographical discrimination or after-sales conditions, and to order the immediate take-down of websites hosting scams.The European Commission coordinates the cooperation between these authorities to ensure that consumer rights legislation is applied and enforced in a consistent manner across the Single Market. It can alert the CPC network and coordinate EU-wide enforcement action to tackle practices which harm a large majority of EU consumers. Authorities can accept commitments from the businesses concerned that they will correct their practices, provide remedies and compensation to the consumers affected. With the entry into application of the Directive on enforcement and modernisation of consumer law the sanction could reach at least 4% of the turnover of the businesses in the Member States concerned.The list of CPC authorities, single liaison offices, designated bodies and entities issuing external alerts can be found on the webpage of the Consumer Protection Cooperation Network.    Download  
          

   DIRECTIVE (EU) 2019/771 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL  of 20 May 2019  on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods, amending Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 and Directive 2009/22/EC, and repealing Directive 1999/44/EC (Text with EEA relevance)   (1)   OJ C 264, 20.7.2016, p. 57.  (2)  Position of the European Parliament of 26 March 2019 (not yet published in the Official Journal) and decision of the Council of 15 April 2019.  (3)  Directive 2011/83/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on consumer rights, amending Council Directive 93/13/EEC and Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 85/577/EEC and Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 304, 22.11.2011, p. 64).  (4)  Directive 1999/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 1999 on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees (OJ L 171, 7.7.1999, p. 12).  (5)  Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) (OJ L 177, 4.7.2008, p. 6).  (6)  Directive (EU) 2019/770 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 2019 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services (see page 1 of this Official Journal).  (7)  Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (OJ L 351, 20.12.2012, p. 1).  (8)  Regulation (EU) 2017/2394 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2017 on cooperation between national authorities responsible for the enforcement of consumer protection laws and repealing Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 (OJ L 345, 27.12.2017, p. 1).  (9)  Directive 2009/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on injunctions for the protection of consumers' interests (OJ L 110, 1.5.2009, p. 30).  (10)   OJ C 369, 17.12.2011, p. 14.   ANNEX CORRELATION TABLE       Directive 1999/44/EC   This Directive     Article 1(1)   Article 1     Article 1(2)(a)   Article 2, point (2)     Article 1(2)(b), first indent   Article 3(4)(b)     Article 1(2)(b), second and third indents   Article 2, point (5)(a)     Article 1(2)(c)   Article 2, point (3)     Article 1(2)(d)   Article 2, point (4)     Article 1(2)(e)   Article 2, point (12)     Article 1(3)   Article 2, point (15) and Article 3(5)(a)     Article 1(4)   Article 3(2)     Article 2(1)   Article 5     Article 2(2)(a)   Article 6, point (a) and Article 7(1)(b)     Article 2(2)(b)   Article 6, point (b)     Article 2(2)(c)   Article 7(1)(a)     Article 2(2)(d)   Article 7(1)(d)     Article 2(3)   Article 7(5)     Article 2(4)   Article 7(2)     Article 2(5)   Article 8     Article 3(1)   Article 10(1)     Article 3(2)   Article 13(1)     Article 3(3), first subparagraph   Article 13(2) and Article 14(1)(a)     Article 3(3), second subparagraph   Article 13(2)     Article 3(3), third subparagraph   Article 14(1)(b) and (c)     Article 3(4)   Article 2, point (14)     Article 3(5)   Article 13(4)     Article 3(6)   Article 13(5)     Article 4   Article 18     Article 5(1)   Article 10(1), (2), (3), (4) and (5)     Article 5(2)   Article 12     Article 5(3)   Article 11     Article 6(1)   Article 17(1)     Article 6(2)   Article 17(2)     Article 6(3)   Article 17(2)     Article 6(4)   Article 17(4)     Article 6(5)   Article 17(3)     Article 7(1), first subparagraph   Article 21(1)     Article 7(1), second subparagraph   Article 10(6)     Article 7(2)   —     Article 8(1)   Article 3(6) and (7)     Article 8(2)   Article 4     Article 9   Articles 19 and 20     Article 10   Article 22     Article 11(1), first subparagraph   Article 24(1), first subparagraph     Article 11(1), second subparagraph   Article 24(1), third subparagraph     Article 11(2)   Article 24(1), fourth subparagraph     Article 12   Article 25     Article 13   Article 26     Article 14   Article 27      

 Skip to content        This article was co-authored by Right to Repair Europe’s national members, including  Markus Piringer from Repair Network Vienna, Katrin Meyer from Runder Tisch Reparatur, Ronan Groussier from Halte à l’Obsolescence Programmée and Jessika Richter from Lund University, Sweden. Visual: own canva design, illustration by Macrovector While we wait for the proposal of new consumer legislation to promote repair from the EU Commission, success stories from member states provide wonderful examples of far-reaching measures on repair that we’d like to see at EU level.  Despite some legislative progress, none of the EU legislation currently in the pipeline tackles the unfair cost of repair. Requiring manufacturers to make spare parts available (for example through the new ecodesign rules on smartphones and tablets) is a very good step, but this doesn’t mean that these parts will be affordable.  To tackle this, financial incentives are needed to ensure affordability of repair. Let’s look at national policy examples such as the repair bonuses in Austria and Germany, the newly implemented French repair fund, and tax breaks on repair in Sweden as inspiration for EU level policies that could lead to eventually preventing large amounts of waste. Repair bonuses in Austria and Germany The repair bonus was first piloted in the city of Graz in Austria in 2017. Citizens could be refunded up to 50% of the total cost of a repair, up to a maximum of €100. The system initially only applied to very few electrical appliances. After the success of the repair bonus in Graz, the system was later extended to 3 Austrian federal states (Styria, Upper Austria, Lower Austria) and to the city of Salzburg, resulting in approximately 260 tons of e-waste avoided between September 2018 and December 2019.  In the autumn of 2020, a repair funding scheme was also introduced in the city of Vienna, resulting in 90% of the claimed items being successfully repaired, thereby saving 540 tons of CO2 and supporting 83 local businesses. In contrast to other regions, the repair bonus in Vienna was introduced as a voucher. This more customer-friendly version proved to be very successful and was consequently adopted as an Austrian-wide scheme which was introduced in April 2022.  In practice, under the Austrian “Reparaturbonus”, each voucher covers 50% of the repair cost, up to €200 per product repair. It also subsidises 50% of the price of a cost estimate of a repair, up to a maximum of €30. The bonus can be redeemed when the invoice is paid and must be valid at this point in time, regardless of when the order was placed. The bonus, redeemable at 3,153 repair shops around Austria, is financed by €130 million from the EU Covid-19 recovery fund, and has already subsidized 353.196 repairs from April to December 2022.  Another success story involves the repair bonus in the German state of Thuringia. The system, which was introduced in 2021 with an initial funding amount of €500,000, soon had to be expanded due to high demand for repairs! Meanwhile, the second funding period has also been exhausted, almost 12,000 repairs were funded in 2022. In 2023, phase three will kick off.  The basic principle is simple: the Thuringian Ministry of the Environment covers 50% of the repair bill, up to a maximum of €100. During the first funding phase in 2021, for which an evaluation is now available, an average of around €75 per repair was subsidised. Settlement takes place via the consumers: they submit their bill online and apply for reimbursement.  What was proven in Thuringia is that people want to repair things. Previously, repairs failed not necessarily due to lack of options, but simply because the repair costs were too high. Accordingly, the bonus was used extensively in both urban and rural areas. Smartphone repair shops in particular have seen a real boom in business since the introduction of the bonus. Accordingly, the rest of the German states are closely observing developments in Thuringia. Following a limited but successful pilot project in the city of Leipzig, the state of Saxony has now also decided to follow suit by introducing a repair bonus. In December, the State Parliament made a total of €2.5 million available for the years 2023 and 2024. The possibility of further repair subsidies is currently being discussed in many other of the 16 German states. Proposals are currently being considered in Bremen, Hesse and Saarland. In Berlin, a repair bonus has been announced in the government programme (Koalitionsvertrag). This being said, implementation is not yet in sight. The French repair fund  The newly launched repair fund in France also provides a good example of how governments can help to make repair more affordable. Through this fund, a reduction is directly discounted from the consumer’s repair bill. The scheme is financed through Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) fees paid by producers and managed by French eco-organisations. Consumers receive a significant reduction of their repair bill (around 20%), which applies to all out-of-warranty repairs for eligible products.  The first repair fund focused on electric and electronic devices and was launched on 15 December 2022. In order to benefit from the discount, users may simply take their product to a repairer authorised to offer the bonus. A lump sum discount is set per product and deducted from the final cost of the repair. In the table below you can see a list of eligible products:  Source: https://www.label-qualirepar.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/soutiens-financiers-fonds-reparation.pdf To offer the bonus, repairers must obtain the “Qualirepar” label, which has been specifically created in the context of the repair bonus. The label aims to guarantee the quality and reliability of the listed repairers and to give them visibility. At the end of each month, eco-organisations reimburse repairers for bonuses granted to their customers.  So far, the labelling process has been criticised by some as being too cumbersome for independent repairers, and the number of labelled repairers is still too low. To date 1031 repairers have obtained the label and 1800 are in the process of getting it. The French government aims at labelling at least 4000 repairers until the end of 2023.  The launch of this first fund is just the beginning of a broader project, as new funds will be launched progressively throughout 2023, for different product groups such as sporting goods, gardening and DIY products, and textiles.  The VAT reduction on repair in Sweden  For several years now, there has also been another approach to promoting repair in the form of a reduced Value Added Tax (VAT) on repair services.In 2016 Sweden reduced its VAT rate from 25% to 12% for small repairs of bicycles, clothing and shoes. In 2022 this was further reduced to 6%, but will subsequently be reversed back to 12% in 2023. Background The idea is not at all new.  An EU Council Directive from 1999 introduced the option to reduce VAT on labour-intensive repair services such as bicycle or shoe repairs.This was eventually made a permanent option for member states to implement in 2009 through another Council Directive.   Several countries have adopted this measure from the beginning. For instance in Belgium a reduced VAT rate for small repairs (not 12% as in Sweden but only 6% – the minimum allowed by the EU Directive is 5%) was introduced on January 1st 2000, prolonged several times and made permanent as of July 2011. Many other countries have also adopted the measure (an overview of European VAT rates can be found here). In Sweden, the measure is complemented by a system of tax deductibility of labour costs for white goods repair. So, how does it work? This measure falls under the RUT system (‘Rengöring, Underhåll, Tvätt’ which means Cleaning, Maintenance & Laundry) meaning that 50% of the labour expenses for household appliance repair are tax deductible up to a maximum of 25000kr per year (slightly over €2500 euro) or 50000kr for people above 65 years old. The system allows the repair business to immediately deduct this amount from the invoice, so the customer never actually has to pay it.  A full overview of the procedure can be found here.  “You get the reduction through the fact that the provider of the service deducts part of the labor cost on your invoice. After you have paid the invoice, the provider of the service requests payout from the tax agency. When the tax agency grants the payment to the provider of the service, they already fill in the amount in your tax declaration. Keep in mind that you must have paid enough tax during the fiscal year to apply the deduction.” Although the objective of the Swedish initiative was good, and we welcome any measures seeking to tackle the price of repair, the scheme was not without its shortcomings, and the general conclusion was that this specific set of measures did not have a huge effect on promoting repair. For example, the biggest discount only applies to repairs done at the consumer’s home, brown goods are excluded from the scope, and some repairers found the scheme’s paperwork overly burdensome.  It seems indeed that tax reductions are no silver bullet to tackle the price of repair. Fundamentally, tax breaks only apply to citizens who have enough income to pay tax in the first place, leaving behind the people most in need of help. And ultimately, VAT reduction does not deal with the issue of the availability of cheap new products competing with repair, of which the VAT part of the price is only part of the total cost in money and time taken on by the consumer. So, whilst the EU has yet to introduce measures to ensure the affordability of repair, some member states are leading the way with initiatives aimed at ensuring their citizens can always access and afford a repair solution. Many of the schemes are still in their infancy, and so the most effective measure remains to be seen, but we support any measure to encourage the uptake of repair, and so will be monitoring the developments closely.  Interested in reading more about these initiatives? Here are some useful links: 

  Navigation    Study on socioeconomic impacts of increased reparability of increased reparability                                
                      
              
                              

Tanzania

Kenya

Bangladesh

Senegal

Mozambique

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Hello Tractor

Jolancer

<p>Managing businesses can have high costs. To tackle this issue, some businesses rethought their business models to offer farmers a rental service for tractors, and also provide skillful labour when necessary, by using digital technology.</p>