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Circle Economy and ICLEI have partnered up to initiate the go to knowledge hub of case studies about the circular economy in cities. The Cities Collection is a repository of case studies that demonstrate the role of cities in the circular transition, and includes policies, business cases and research articles. Cases in the Collection flow into an ecosystem of digital products which support users in transitioning cities to circularity, for example [Ganbatte](https://ganbatte.world/cities/) and <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/" target="_blank">ICLEI Circulars</a>, both part of the <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/circle-lab-for-cities/" target = _blank">Circle Lab for Cities Programme.</a>

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Circular Cities

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Business case

Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Direct and indirect effects that increase revenues or the potential for new revenues, for example from new products, customer segments, partnerships or business models

Revenue Potential

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Providing recreational and cultural services, including hotels, resorts, casinos, sport and fitness centers, stadiums, golf courses and amusement parks, restaurants, bars, pubs, fast-food or take-out facilities, as well as libraries and museums

Hospitality and Tourism

Decentralised services that rely on the power of the crowd or the community

Crowd-based services

Engaging in discussions with government bodies and policymakers to push for regulations that support the circular economy

Advocacy for circular economy policy

Provide guidance or professional training to educate employees to use circular economy principles

Training on the circular economy

Working together with the community and engaging them in the company operations

Joint product development

Develop infrastructure to support sustainable lifestyles

Awareness raising events

Develop infrastructure to support resource cycling

Information campaigns

Managing municipal food wastes at scale may require complex and costly infrastructures to collect, transport and process these residual materials. Large-scale composting facilities are challenging to place and zone appropriately in space-scarce cities.

Community-based initiatives, for example, community composting, can provide a localised solution to managing urban food wastes. Community composting initiatives are small(er)-scale solutions that are distributed throughout the city, located close to the sources of food waste, reducing the need for complex logistics and collection systems. Community composting schemes can take a variety of forms, for example, in-vessel composting (IVC), as well as vermicomposting (which utilises insects to break down organic materials). Community composting initiatives can generate valuable by-products for use in (urban) agriculture, in gardens and in parks, as well as support community building. 

Local governments can support the development and implementation of community composting schemes through the provision of equipment and infrastructure, for example,  composting boxes. The formation of public-civic partnerships can help formulate the relationships and validate the valuable role such activities can play in the management of organic waste streams. Awareness raising can be facilitated through collaboration with schools. 


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🍏  Community composting

The built environment, including housing, commercial buildings, and the necessary infrastructure for mobility, is essential for our livelihoods, but:
- the extraction of minerals used to produce construction materials is responsible for a quarter of global land use change,
- approximately 40% of global GHG emissions can be attributed to buildings’ construction, use and demolition, and
- construction and demolition processes drive nearly one-third of all material consumption. 

Making the built environment more circular must prioritise a heavy reduction in material use—while also closing the loop on materials and bringing secondary and renewable material choices to the fore. Our four key solutions for the built environment are:
- Make the most of what already exists: Make the most of existing materials by reusing, repurposing, upgrading and renovating following circular approaches. Where new builds are needed, use secondary materials and be as efficient as possible with urban planning solutions that follow circular design principles so that buildings can be reused, repurposed, and easily disassembled in the future.
- Be as energy efficient as possible: From the design phase, utilise circular strategies to create material- and energy efficient buildings. Couple these designs with a rollout of clean energy solutions, and prioritise energy-efficient appliances and retrofitting. 
- Utilise secondary materials: Maximise the high-value reuse of buildings and components where possible. Ideally, enable the utilisation of construction and demolition outputs and ensure that as much of it as possible is recycled to avoid the need for virgin materials, such as sand and gravel.
- Prioritise circular materials and approaches: Transition to using renewable wood, timber or cross-laminated timber instead of steel and concrete, or move to other locally available materials. Utilise mainstream modular construction and prioritise lightweight frames and structures to reduce cement and steel use, as well as green roofs where possible.



🏢 Built Environment

Communities

Governments

When organic wastes are landfilled, the value and nutrients are lost and irrecoverable. Landfilling also causes additional environmental pressure, for example, the decomposition of food and organic waste in landfills emits greenhouse gases into the climate. Reducing the space required for landfills creates opportunities for better use. 

Local governments have an important role to play in the elimination of the landfilling of organic wastes. Municipalities with the legislative authority to do so can introduce legislation that bans organic wastes from being landfilled and fines non-compliance.

Municipalities can ensure that municipal organic wastes are collected and diverted from landfill by mandating certain processing techniques, for example, composting or anaerobic digestion. 
 


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🍏  Phase out landfilling of organic waste

Buildings house all production activities, and also are where people spend the majority of their time. Consequently ‘buildings’ consume  resources, namely energy and water, and produce large amounts of waste. 

The use phase of buildings represents the largest resource flows during their lifecycle. Optimised operations for different types of buildings—such as offices, industrial and commercial facilities or houses—can reduce energy, water and waste consumption, as well as operating costs, and enhance the wellbeing of users. 

Local governments can support Information and communication technology (ICT) innovation for the circular management of building operations for instance, by adopting new technologies, digital services and systems that can help with the monitoring and evaluation of (water and energy) efficiency. At the local level, policy can also set new building standards that can scale up net-zero waste, energy and water buildings. Then, the uptake of  ‘green contracts’—agreements that require the contractor to develop and implement a site management plan and favour certain types of resources—can also stimulate circular operations by legally ingraining circularity in the relationship between building owners, operators and users.


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🏢⚡  Optimised facility management

The demolition of old buildings and construction of new buildings require vast quantities of heavy materials, and significant amounts of energy and water. Where possible, it is preferable to renovate and refurbish an existing building in a circular manner rather than demolishing it to build a new one. Additionally, underutilised and vacant buildings and spaces represent an enormous untapped value, which could be leveraged to finance investments in other areas and revitalise neighbourhoods. This could include ‘meanwhile use’ or ‘intermittent use’ of buildings, which involves making temporarily empty spaces, properties and land available for use as work spaces, pop-up cafes, shops, and more. Such projects help to rethink the design of the surrounding urban space, creating attractive, safe and user-friendly areas, thus revitalising neighbourhood economies and encouraging local retail networks. 

Local governments—along with multidisciplinary teams of finance, human resources, technology, and corporate real estate stakeholders—can identify idle or underutilised spaces and determine their value, and then consider this in relation to current and future requirements of their citizens (for example, shortage of affordable housing or cultural spaces). Measures to address the underuse of buildings and spaces could include flexible zoning plans, economic disincentives for new greenfield developments in favour of refurbishing and manufacturing, as well as piloting projects with public vacant buildings.

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🏢  Make the best use of existing buildings and infrastructure

The mobility choices and behaviours of residents and businesses can vary greatly depending on the structure and design of the city. A sprawling city covering large areas with wide highways and no bike lanes discourages cycling and increases dependence on private vehicles, which contribute significantly to resource demand and GHG emissions. Meanwhile, a more compact city with mixed use developments, accessible public transport and extensive and appealing pedestrian and cycle networks enables and encourages walking, cycling and other non-motorised, low-carbon forms of mobility. Combined with urban planning that incentivises higher densities along major public transport routes, transit-oriented development can help to slow the outward expansion of cities into the surrounding countryside. 

Compact city planning can help local communities build and create more efficient, safe and viable cities. This concept includes ideas such as the 15-minute city or ‘complete neighbourhoods’, whereby all of the basic needs and services of a resident can be accessed within 15 minutes by walking, cycling or public transport. This concept has also attracted attention as a way to reduce inequality by ensuring that all neighbourhoods have access to affordable mobility options.

Local governments can support the development of compact and low-carbon cities by integrating such concepts into the city’s urban plans, and ensuring that all residents are easily able to conduct their day-to-day lives using non-motorised or public transport. Cities can also ensure that necessary and facilitating infrastructure is provided, such as cycle lanes, pedestrianised areas and public transport options, to enable the shift away from dependency on personal vehicles.


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🚌  Compact city planning and development

Impacts

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Industries

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A framework of policy instruments that enabled and encourage the transition to the circular economy

Policy Instruments

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A framework of policy instruments that enable and stimulate the transition to the circular economy

The principles of a circular economy concern designing out waste, regenerating ecosystems and keeping items in use. Decoupling the economy from material flows—improving the rate of resource productivity faster than the economic growth rate—is also a consistent guide. By evolving with the growing number of applications of circular economy principles, and consolidating these strategies across thematic areas, Circle Economy’s Key Elements Framework (KE) renders the elements of the circular economy salient and serves as a basis to derive contextual strategies and interventions. 


The Framework consists of:
- Core Elements: Activities directly handling product or material flows; and uniquely,
- Enabling Elements: those that remove obstacles for core actors.


Key elements of the circular economy

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Circle Economy's framework of strategies and activities that define the circular economy

The Circular City Actions Framework provides urban changemakers with five complementary strategies they can use to start working towards a more circular system. 

The framework is action-based to provide users with concrete strategic directions and showcase the desired outcomes of each strategy. 
The framework consists of five complementary **strategies**, under which **sub-strategies** provide further detail. Finally, each sub-strategy consists of a diversity of tangible **solutions** which are framed in relation to key thematic areas. 

Note: solutions are currently focused on:
- 🍏 **Food systems**
- 🏢  **Built environment**
- 👕📱  **Consumer goods**
- ⚡ **Energy Systems**
- 🚌 **Mobility Systems**
- 💧 **Water Systems**

More thematic areas are coming soon...

'Click through each of the five strategy cards below to explore the framework and circular economy case studies in more depth!'



This framework was developed in collaboration with ICLEI, Metabolic and Ellen MacArthur Foundation with support from the MAVA Foundation. Read more about it [here]( https://circulars.iclei.org/action-framework/). 



Circular City Actions Framework

An action-based framework for local governments working towards circular cities

Thematic Areas

City Stakeholders

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Based on the work of [Bocken et al. (2016)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309699661_Product_design_and_business_model_strategies_for_a_circular_economy), the Four Flows Framework serves as a simple framework for managing resource flows in a circular economy by using less (Narrow), using for longer (Slow), using again (Cycle), and using clean, regenerative materials and energy (Regenerate).

These different principles of circular economy can be applied to our socioeconomic metabolism: we can design stocks like buildings, infrastructure, machinery, and vehicles to be rich resource mines for the future, and design manufactured goods and consumables to be cycled and made regenerative. Furthermore, the focus must also centre on getting more value out of fewer materials. Achieving the aims of a circular economy—minimising material use, regenerating the Earth, and preventing material losses—can be done through these four key strategies mentioned above.

Source: Circle Economy. (2023). *[The circularity gap report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023)* (p.22). Amsterdam: Circle Economy. 

Four Flows Framework

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  Sebarkan Berita Baik Ini Bagikan kami di media sosial Anda dan ciptakan dampak yang positif di lingkungan sekitar  

Indonesia

Banyuwangi

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Greeneration Foundation (GF) is an Indonesia-based NGO that focuses on promoting and implementing Sustainable Consumption and Production principles; such as smart waste management, sustainable lifestyle, and the circular economy. 

Greeneration Foundation

Waste4Change is a social enterprise founded in 2014 which gives services in waste management in environmental friendly and responsible approach toward zero-waste Indonesia.

Waste4Change

Overtourism-affected tourist destinations, such as Mount Everest and Boracay Beach in the Philippines, as well as Venice, the canal city, virtually always have a trash problem due to the high volume of visitors.Waste has actually become a common concern in renowned tourist destinations. The issues include irresponsible tourists who continue to litter tourism areas, a lack of infrastructure and facilities to manage waste, and even the state of the sites/landscapes, which impedes waste collection and transportation. Nonetheless, there are current sustainable tourism practices that have established a responsible waste management system, such as the EcoRanger project in Pulau Merah, Banyuwangi. Greeneration Foundation initiated this program along with Waste4Change serving as the field facilitator since October 2018.

EcoRanger: Advancing Sustainable Tourism through Community Development in Banyuwangi, Indonesia

Impact on the ease of innovation, and facilitating uptake of innovations

Innovation

Reduced use and withdrawal of water and rate of recycling and reuse of water

Save Water (SDG6)

Collecting waste from households and businesses by means of refuse bins, wheeled bins, containers, etc., and providing treatment, incineration, materials recovery and reclamation, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste

Waste Management

Using waste materials that have been processed and recycled to produce new products within other industries

Using open loop recycled materials

Designing products of multiple parts that can be easily exchanged

Design for modularity

Facilitate discussions and meetings between internal team members to identify circular opportunities

Dialogue with internal stakeholders

Extra-curricular education

Data, knowledge & information sharing

Cross-departmental collaboration and engagement

Environmental assessment & permits

Ensure that household and business waste is collected and appropriately sorted (by type, label, etc.) to allow for maximum recovery of value.


Collect and sort waste to facilitate recovery

Water system refers to the water supply network for storing and supplying water for use by the community.

One of the greatest challenges of a city is to provide its inhabitants with safe, clean water from a limited fresh water supply. Improving the city’s water infrastructure efficiency, such as minimising leakages, reduces the strain put on the limited supply, which in turn, helps to ensure inhabitants gain access to clean and affordable water.

The water infrastructure of a city typically consists of components such as surface water diversions, wells, pumps, transmission pipes and canals, treatment and storage facilities, and distribution network elements (Burian et al.). Options for improving the efficiency of the system include investing in water loss reduction systems, creating and following a regular maintenance program, and better matching water supply and demand (Global Water Partnership).

Cities can improve the efficiency of their water system infrastructure by conducting a water audit, in which all water flows are traced and losses in the system are identified to map where the most efficiency improvements can be gained. Alongside this, asset management can be used to create a short-term and long-term strategy of investing in new equipment, refurbishing existing equipment and developing maintenance programmes to ensure infrastructure is as efficient as possible, and leaks are minimised. Such management programmes create financial transparency amongst all stakeholders and provide useful long-term planning for larger infrastructure changes (US EPA)

💧 Water Systems

One of the greatest challenges of a city is to provide its inhabitants with safe, clean water from a limited fresh water supply. Improving the city’s water infrastructure efficiency, such as minimising leakages, reduces the strain put on the limited supply, which in turn, helps to ensure inhabitants gain access to clean and affordable water.

The water infrastructure of a city typically consists of components such as surface water diversions, wells, pumps, transmission pipes and canals, treatment and storage facilities, and distribution network elements ([Burian et al.](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123847034005098)). Options for improving the efficiency of the system include investing in water loss reduction systems, creating and following a regular maintenance program, and better matching water supply and demand ([Global Water Partnership](http://www.cawater-info.net/policybriefs/pdf/tec_brief_4_water_efficiency.pdf)).

Cities can improve the efficiency of their water system infrastructure by conducting a water audit, in which all water flows are traced and losses in the system are identified to map where the most efficiency improvements can be gained. Alongside this, asset management can be used to create a short-term and long-term strategy of investing in new equipment, refurbishing existing equipment and developing maintenance programmes to ensure infrastructure is as efficient as possible, and leaks are minimised. Such management programmes create financial transparency amongst all stakeholders and provide useful long-term planning for larger infrastructure changes ([US EPA](https://www.epa.gov/sustainable-water-infrastructure/things-local-officials-should-do-sustainable-water-infrastructure)).

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💧  Improving water infrastructure efficiency

 
Since 3rd January 2020, a collaboration between Greeneration Foundation, Waste4Change, and River Recycle to combat waste in Citarum river has officially started. The program lasts for 3 years and will hopefully catalyze more initiatives to clean and keep the river clean  Benioff Ocean Initiative Benioff Ocean Initiative is based at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and works to leverage science to solve ocean problems and inspire the replication of these successes. With the existing global crisis regarding marine debris and plastic pollution, the Benioff Ocean Initiative realizes that the solution can start by cleaning up the waste in the rivers before it reaches the ocean. Hence, the Benioff Ocean Initiative (which will be shortened as BOI onward) cooperates with The Coca Cola Foundation to provide grants to empower programs and/or collaboration in tackling the flow of plastic waste from rivers to the ocean.  An illustration of the physical capture system of waste in the ocean. Source: BOI White Paper “River Plastic Pollution”  Recipients of the funding were then selected through a competitive request for proposals process for a period of 3 months, that is from May to July 2019. The output is no less than 9 river cleanup projects, creating a global network of organizations working collaboratively to eliminate river plastic waste. The global network was then called The Clean Current Coalition, which consists of 9 teams, and each is made up of several interdisciplinary partners under the leadership of one organization committed to protecting the environment from plastic waste. Those teams are namely Marea Verde who will lead the effort to clean Matias Hernandez River in Panama, Greneeration Foundation as the project lead for the Citarum River cleanup in Indonesia, Smart Villages and Chemolex who will install 10 plastic capture devices in locations along the Nairobi River in Kenya, Wildcoast who will work in Los Laureles Canyon, Mexico, Ichthion with their Azure system in Portoviejo River, Ecuador, Ocean Conservancy who will be focusing on Song Hong River in Vietnam, as well as Terracycle Global Foundation who will be capturing plastics at the Lat Phrao Canal in Thailand. Citarum Cleanup Project The project that is led by Greeneration Foundation is an effort to capture waste and clean the Citarum river for the general public without any charge any fee whatsoever.  Instead, the project will be funded using the grant from both BOI dan The Coca Cola Foundation (TCCF). Location survey at the Citarum river The outline of the project are as follow:  A physical capture system will be placed in the Citarum river in order to remove the floating plastic and other waste before it enters the oceansCommunicating and socializing with local communities, which aims to help reduce the amount of land-based plastic waste.Waste-value creation: Waste that is managed to be collected will be processed and handled by Waste4Change. Data Collection. This is important to formulate the next course of action to further tackle the problem of marine debris and plastic pollution. The Ultimate Goal of the Benioff Ocean Initiative Projects Even though the efforts to capture plastic waste from rivers are indeed strategic and worth-doing,  at the end of the day it only serves as a short-term solution that should no longer need to be carried out in the future.  In another word, the plastic waste intervention program is deemed as successful only if the collected data can be leveraged to influence decision making and the public’s perception towards this issue. It is important to note that the final desired results do not only stop at a clean river, but rather at advocating the existence of public policies regarding the production and use of plastic, the making of infrastructures to increase the capacity to manage plastic waste so that it does not end up in rivers, minimizing the use of plastic products, and if possible reducing the production of plastic itself.  With such significant changes, then it is hoped that the root of plastic pollution problems can be addressed properly. The solution that we should be looking for is not merely how to clean up our rivers and oceans, but more importantly how to keep our rivers, and eventually our oceans, clean and free from plastic. References: The Benioff Ocean Initiative. (April 2019). River Plastic Pollution: Considerations for addressing the leading source of marine debris. Accessible at boi.ucsb.edu. 
Cutting River Plastic Waste
 

Bandung

Bekasi

Purwakarta

Kabupaten Cianjur

Kabupaten Karawang

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RiverRecycle was established in Helsinki, Finland, in 2019 by Anssi Mikola.

Today, we are active in nine countries and benefit of the support of a team of more than fifteen professionals around the world and of a vast network of partnerships and collaborations.We are installing waste management systems on the shores of the most polluted rivers, collecting and recycling plastic waste and floating debris.

These operations enable local municipalities to effectively manage plastic waste, create safe and fair work for the hosting communities, and help to stimulate the economy by involving companies who will buy the end products of the river cleaning and recycling system, making the whole process self-sufficient.  

RiverRecycle

According to National Geographic, Rivers have been identified as a major pathway for plastic pollution entering the&nbsp;oceans (2018). Mismanaged plastic ends up in&nbsp;an environment where functional waste&nbsp;management systems are lacking. Around 80-90 % of plastic travels to the&nbsp;oceans from land. Rivers are a major contributor.&nbsp;Asia and Pacific ‘high risk’ pollution area. The result is a ”permanent” problem; that is&nbsp;plastic&nbsp;is spread to vast areas in the&nbsp;oceans as a plastic soup

Citarum Repair: Technological and Educational Solutions for the Citarum River

Selling parts of modular products that can be refilled

Sale of refillable parts

Developing or utilising online platforms to enable circular economy opportunities through information, product or service offering

Online platforms

A key source of waste generated by urban residents stems from single-use plastics, such as plastic bags and packaging, and other fast moving consumer goods that are produced to be cheap and disposable. If this waste is not disposed of correctly, then such residual materials can pollute the environment. Waste that is generated in cities can also find its way outside of the city, for example, being carried in water ways to pollute other water bodies. 

Systems, initiatives and infrastructure can focus on preventing these types of waste from polluting the local environment. For example, infrastructure placed in local waterways can protect natural systems by diverting plastic pollution. Furthermore, other initiatives could clean up (plastic) waste directly to restore natural systems in a safe and effective way. 

Local governments can support the implementation of solutions by establishing partnerships with and promoting existing initiatives, as well as developing and financing the infrastructures that could reduce the pollution in the local environment.  

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👕📱  Clean up pollution of fast moving consumer goods

Designing vehicles for maximum efficiency of resources is key in the circular economy. Circular design can allow vehicles to be manufactured using less resources, be easily remanufactured, parts to be swapped in and out (‘modular’), and/or space in the vehicle be reconfigured. Whereas digital technology can advance resource effective manufacturing techniques and support the automation of vehicles for sharing and mobility-as-a-service schemes.

For instance, vehicles can be ‘retrofitted’ to run off batteries, remanufactured, or designed to be dismantled and allow the reuse of parts and recycling of materials. And when batteries cannot be reused to power a passenger car any longer, they can be reused for less demanding tasks, such as storage of electricity from wind turbines and solar farms.

Cities can support business innovation towards these directions via direct financial and fiscal business support, by collaborating and engaging with circular businesses through urban Living Labs or other mechanisms, as well as setting up eco-industrial parks where by-products of one company can become a resource for another. 


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🚌  Circular vehicle design and circular business models

Jakarta

Depok

Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals 2030 (P4G) is global platform accelerating pioneering green partnerships to drive inclusive and resilient economic growth.

Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals 2030 (P4G)

Siklus Refill is a startup that provides refill services for household needs. The goal is to overcome the problem of plastic waste while meeting daily needs without using packaging at a more affordable cost.

Siklus Refill

Plastic waste has always been a major problem in environmental pollution, both land and sea pollution. This is because it takes hundreds of years to decompose naturally. Talking about plastic waste, one of the biggest contributors comes from household items, ranging from plastic shampoo, bath and dishwashing soap, to oil. Greeneration Foundation and Siklus Refill, funded by the Partnering for Green Growth and the Global Goals 2030 (P4G), the Driving Refill Solution was initiated to tackle single-use plastic sachet with 2 approaches; providing a technical solution of refilling stations and educating the consumers, specifically housewives who are the drivers of Indonesia's traditional household.

Combating Plastic Sachets by Driving Refill Solution

Overtourism-affected tourist destinations, such as Mount Everest and Boracay Beach in the Philippines, as well as Venice, the canal city, virtually always have a trash problem due to the high volume of visitors. Waste has actually become a common concern in renowned tourist destinations. The issues include irresponsible tourists who continue to litter tourism areas, a lack of infrastructure and facilities to manage waste, and even the state of the sites/landscapes, which impedes waste collection and transportation. Nonetheless, there are current sustainable tourism practices that have established a responsible waste management system, such as the EcoRanger project in Pulau Merah, Banyuwangi.