Treviso, in Italy, is the European city with the lowest amount of residual waste per capita, and the company in charge of waste management and its success in the city is Contarina SpA. They combine intense road side collection with a pay-as-you-throw system, along with a focus on waste system education for residents and businesses. To make this model financially viable, the company recognises the importance of extracting as much value as possible from waste and optimising every step of the process. With most of the waste and material streams already optimised to current recycling technologies, Contarina invests in R&D projects to discover new methods and approaches to minimise the amount of residual waste.