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Circle Economy and ICLEI have partnered up to initiate the go to knowledge hub of case studies about the circular economy in cities. The Cities Collection is a repository of case studies that demonstrate the role of cities in the circular transition, and includes policies, business cases and research articles. Cases in the Collection flow into an ecosystem of digital products which support users in transitioning cities to circularity, for example [Ganbatte](https://ganbatte.world/cities/) and <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/" target="_blank">ICLEI Circulars</a>, both part of the <a href="https://circulars.iclei.org/circle-lab-for-cities/" target = _blank">Circle Lab for Cities Programme.</a>

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Circular Cities

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Article / Report

Impact on the quantity or quality of jobs, and shifts in the labour market

Jobs

Direct and indirect reduction in economic costs

Cost Savings

Efficiency gains on operations or transactions either through cultural or technological shifts

Productivity

Scalability

Reduced green house gas emissions released into the biosphere

Reduce Emissions (SDG13)

Reduced use of virgin materials and/or an increase of the use of secondary and bio-based materials

Reduce Material Consumption (SDG12)

Minimise waste through diversion: Instead of sending waste to landfill, it is redirected into other industrial processes for handling, treatment, recycling, recovery, or reuse in various forms. 

Minimise waste through design: At the outset of a process of project, plan and design such that there is zero waste or minimal waste during production, use, and at end of life. 

Minimise Waste (SDG12)

Reduced use and withdrawal of water and rate of recycling and reuse of water

Save Water (SDG6)

Reduced use of fossil fuel energy sources and/or increased use of renewable energy

Reduce Energy Consumption

Providing residential and non-residential construction services, such as architectural, engineering, planning, real-estate, contracting, and inspection services

Construction and Real Estate Services

Producing building materials and finished and semi-finished building products for construction

Construction Materials and Products

Redesign systems to lay the foundation for circular activities and enable the transition to a circular economy 

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Rethink

**Harmonize with nature** by promoting infrastructure, production systems and sourcing that allows natural ecosystems to thrive




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Regenerate

Use longer and more often by extending and intensifying use of existing resources, products, spaces and infrastructure

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Reuse

Do better with less by using and supporting infrastructure, processes and products that are designed to minimize material, water and energy use and waste generation from production to end of use


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Reduce

Eliminate waste by maximizing the recovery of resources at the end of the use phase so that they can be reintroduced into production processes


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Recover

The built environment, including housing, commercial buildings, and the necessary infrastructure for mobility, is essential for our livelihoods, but:
- the extraction of minerals used to produce construction materials is responsible for a quarter of global land use change,
- approximately 40% of global GHG emissions can be attributed to buildings’ construction, use and demolition, and
- construction and demolition processes drive nearly one-third of all material consumption. 

Making the built environment more circular must prioritise a heavy reduction in material use—while also closing the loop on materials and bringing secondary and renewable material choices to the fore. Our four key solutions for the built environment are:
- Make the most of what already exists: Make the most of existing materials by reusing, repurposing, upgrading and renovating following circular approaches. Where new builds are needed, use secondary materials and be as efficient as possible with urban planning solutions that follow circular design principles so that buildings can be reused, repurposed, and easily disassembled in the future.
- Be as energy efficient as possible: From the design phase, utilise circular strategies to create material- and energy efficient buildings. Couple these designs with a rollout of clean energy solutions, and prioritise energy-efficient appliances and retrofitting. 
- Utilise secondary materials: Maximise the high-value reuse of buildings and components where possible. Ideally, enable the utilisation of construction and demolition outputs and ensure that as much of it as possible is recycled to avoid the need for virgin materials, such as sand and gravel.
- Prioritise circular materials and approaches: Transition to using renewable wood, timber or cross-laminated timber instead of steel and concrete, or move to other locally available materials. Utilise mainstream modular construction and prioritise lightweight frames and structures to reduce cement and steel use, as well as green roofs where possible.



🏢 Built Environment

Businesses

Communities

Governments

Direct and indirect effects that increase revenues or the potential for new revenues, for example from new products, customer segments, partnerships or business models

Revenue Potential

Impacts on the social fabric of the community and well-being of the individuals and families.

Social Impact

Impact on the availability of resources as well as their effect on living organisms, ecosystems, and components of the environment.

Ecological Impact

Contributing to the improvement of biodiversity including species diversity, total number of protected species, and ecosystem health

Biodiversity

Impact on the ease of innovation, and facilitating uptake of innovations

Innovation

Contribution to social parity, or impact on social disparity

Equality

Impacts on the financial condition of a company, as well as the the economicconditions of its stakeholders and on economic systems at local, national, andglobal levels.

Economic Impact

Impact on increased knowledge and understanding as a result of the case study

Increase Awareness

Impact on the health and happiness of human populations

Well-being

Impacts

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Switching Gear Enabling Network

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This collection features a selection of inspiring examples of the circular economy in Norway! 

Circular Norway is a driving force for the conversion of Norwegian companies and municipalities to a circular economy through practical tools, innovation, and business development. They collaborate with the leading environments on the circular economy in Europe, and together they contribute to Norway delivering on the sustainability goals and climate goals in the Paris Agreement.

At 2.4%, Norway's circularity rate is below the global average (8.6%). Norway consumes 235 million tonnes of materials—metals, fossil fuels, biomass, and minerals—to fuel its societal needs each year. 97.6% of these materials are never cycled back into the economy. But Norway has enormous potential: the country could see a 20-fold increase in its circularity by restructuring Norwegian business and industry.

To learn more about Norway's initiatives to accelerate the transition to a circular economy, visit www.circularnorway.no/ (content in Norwegian) 

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Circular Norway

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This collection features a selection of case studies, based on the global *Circularity Gap Reports*, that can mitigate climate breakdown by reducing virgin material consumption, waste and greenhouse gas emissions. The latest **[Circularity Gap Report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023#download)** reveals that the global economy is now only 7.2% circular and outlines how circular solutions across four sectors can bring global planetary boundaries back within safe limits. 

In the six years of the *Circularity Gap Report*, the global economy has extracted and used unprecedented amounts of materials. The first edition of the *Report *in 2018 found that global circularity was 9.1% and it has decreased every year since—leaving a Circularity Gap of over 90%. If this trend continues, we will have to find more and better solutions to combat the negative effects of climate change. This is why we have identified case studies from across the globe—based on the needs of society and planetary health—that serve as real-world examples of the circular economy in action.

Circle Economy is a not-for-profit organisation working to accelerate the circular transition. Through the *Circularity Gap Reporting Initiative*, our mission is to deliver an annual global Circularity Metric that measures the state of the world economy and identifies key levers to transition to global circularity. With nature as our guide, we work alongside cross-sector stakeholders from academia, businesses, NGOs and governments to provide a powerful combination of practical and scalable interventions that transform circular opportunities into realities. 


To learn more about these interventions to accelerate the circular transition, read the latest [Circularity Gap Report 2023](https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023#download), as well as previous editions of the global [Circularity Gap Reports](https://www.circularity-gap.world/global).

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Global Circularity Gap Report 2023

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DISRUPT

Industrial and agricultural minerals are non-metallic minerals that are primarily used in chemical, industrial, or agricultural processes. Chemical minerals are used in chemical processes such as the production of detergents, animal feedstock, and many other minor applications. They also contain some applications of salt, which may be produced from rock salt, brine or seawater; it is used for human consumption, in the chemical industry, or to ‘grit’ roads to prevent the formation of ice. Fertiliser minerals are nitrogen, potassium and phosphate, the three most common nutrients used in agriculture. Nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potassium (K) are also combined to form NPK compound fertilisers, which provides crops with these nutrients at the same time. 
Finally, there are a number of minerals used as inputs for specific processes: Graphite, a stable form of pure carbon, is mainly used in refractories; Quartz and quartzite are special qualities of silicon used e.g. in the optical industry or in metal manufacturing; Siliceous fossil meals such as Kieselgur, Tripolite, Diatomite and other siliceous earths, used e.g. as absorption agent or material for heat insulation; Steatite and talc are magnesium silicate minerals, used for several industrial purposes; Feldspar is an essential component of glass and ceramic manufacture.


Industrial / Agricultural Dominant

What is it?
 
Biomass is the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues of biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste. Includes bioliquids and biofuels. (1)
 
How is it produced? 
 
Biomass is generated through the biocycle. (2) The cycling of nutrients is critical for the growth of all plant and animal life on the planet. At its most basic level, the natural cycle sees nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed from the soil by plants, which are then consumed by animals (including humans). These nutrients are subsequently excreted and returned to the soil, where plants can take them in again. Throughout the biocycle, biomass absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere while growing. This effect can be magnified when these materials are subsequently reused or recycled. (3)
 
Where/how is it used in our economy (main sectors, main products, ingredients)?
 
Every year, people harvest roughly 13 billion tonnes of biomass globally to use as food, energy and materials. Biomass accounts for roughly 9% of world total primary energy supply today. (4) 
Additionally, cities produce about 650 million tonnes of solid organic waste per year. (5)
 
Why should we care from a circular economy perspective?
 
Biomass use is confronted with some dilemmas, such as the use of biomass as an energy source by means of combustion or fermentation, versus a more high-value application (e.g. the processing of residual wood for furniture). For every application, the highest value must be recovered. A general rule of thumb is that the fewer process steps a material has to go through for reuse, the higher the quality of the material it can contain. This means that it is important to direct the use of renewable materials to applications where they contribute the most to sustainability.
 
(1) Source: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Urban-Biocycles_Ellen-MacArthurFoundation_30-3-2017.pdf
 
(2) Source: https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=201
 
(3) Source: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/galleries/ce100/CE100-Renewables_Co.Project_Report.pdf
 
(4) Source: https://www.iea.org/topics/renewables/bioenergy/
 
(5) Source: https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/publications/Urban-Biocycles_Ellen-MacArthurFoundation_30-3-2017.pdf

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Biomass

This category consists of a number of minerals that are primarily used in construction, and make up the majority of non-metallic minerals extracted today. They contain sand, gravel, and structural clay, which are used in load-bearing structural components, and are often locally sourced and of low economic value. Sand and gravel consist of an unconsolidated accumulation of rounded or semi-rounded rock fragments that result from the natural disintegration of rock; clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz, metal oxides and organic matter. They also contain limestone and gypsum. Limestone is a carbonate sedimentary rock whose major materials are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate. Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate. It is widely mined and used as the main constituent in many forms of plaster, blackboard/sidewalk chalk, and drywall. Finally, they contain a number of ornamental and building stones, which can be a variety of minerals that are used for direct building use, rather than as an input for a construction material (e.g. limestone blocks used to make a wall). 


Construction Dominant

Ferrous metals contain iron, whereas non-ferrous metals do not. Ferrous metals are easily identified by their magnetic properties, as well as their poor resistance to corrosion and rust. Typical examples include engineered materials such as steel and cast iron, combining an iron base with small amounts of other metals or elements added in.  (1)


(1) https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/ferrous-metal

Ferrous metals

What is it?
 
A mineral is, broadly speaking, a solid chemical compound that occurs naturally in pure form. Minerals are most commonly associated with rocks due to the presence of minerals within rocks. These rocks may consist of one type of mineral, or may be an aggregate of two or more different types of minerals. Non-metallic minerals are those which do not yield new products on melting. The materials include minerals that do not contain metals or fossil energy carriers. Examples of non-metallic minerals are; stone, sand, clay, and salt. 
 
How is it produced? 
 
Non-metallic minerals are extracted from the environment through mining and quarrying activities, or via dredging of alluvial deposits, rock crushing and the use of salt marshes. 
 
Where/how is it used in our economy (main sectors, main products, ingredients)?
 
Non-metallic minerals (2) are used most notably in construction (e.g. sands, gravel, stones etc.), manufacture of mineral products (e.g. glass, cement etc.), or manufacture of chemicals (e.g. mineral fertilisers). 
 
Why should we care from a circular economy perspective? (How is it un-circular?)
 
Mineral mining and processing activities can be highly destructive to local ecosystems. 
Mining of non-metallic minerals can have negative environmental impacts on air, water, and soil. Stone dust produced from crusher units can also be damaging for human health (3). Mitigating the environmental impacts of industrial mineral mines could be improved by changes to existing regulations and by implementing circular approaches such as lifetime extension, remanufacturing, and reuse. 
 
(1) https://www.slideshare.net/hzharraz/nonmetallic-mineral-deposits#:~:targetText=Non%2Dmetallic%20minerals%20are%20those,associated%20with%20igneous%2Fmetamorphic%20rocks.
 
(2) MF.3
 
(3) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10106049.2019.1597390?journalCode=tgei20

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Minerals & chemicals

Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic material - a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin, which resists compression.


Wood

What is it?
 
Fossil energy carriers are non-renewable materials, which include coal, oil, and natural gas. These fossil carriers contain energy that can be later converted to other forms such as mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes.
 
How is it produced? 
 
Domestic extraction of fossil energy carriers (solid, liquid and gaseous) takes place through underground or open-cast mining, and the operation of crude oil and natural gas fields.
 
Where/how is it used in our economy (main sectors, main products, ingredients)?
 
Fossil fuel carriers are primarily used to provide electricity, heat, and transportation. They supply about 80 percent of the world’s energy and also feed the processes used to produce a wide range of products, from steel to plastics. 
 
Why should we care from a circular economy perspective? (How is it un-circular?)
 
Carbon dioxide emissions from burning coal are the biggest single source of global temperature increase above pre-industrial levels, and account for 44% of the world's total emissions. Governments around the world are now engaged in efforts to ramp down greenhouse gas emissions generated from fossil fuels. These efforts generally focus on replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources, increasing energy efficiency, and electrifying sectors such as transportation and buildings. However, many city governments lack the ability to directly control the energy mix of their electricity, as policies are often set at state or national levels. Despite such challenges, some major cities are showing that it is possible to reduce fossil fuel usage. This year, over 300 cities joined in CDP’s cities programme, sharing information on how they are taking actions to reduce carbon emissions and managing climate risks (1).
 
(1) https://www.cdp.net/en/cities

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Fossil carriers

Non ferrous metals do not contain iron. Some examples of non-ferrous metals are aluminum, aluminum alloys, and copper, which are often used in industrial applications such as gutters, roofing, pipes, and electrical. Non-ferrous metals also include brass, gold, nickel, silver, tin, lead, and zinc.

Non ferrous metals

Solid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of combustion. This includes lignite, hard coal, tar sands, and peat.

Coal and solids 

What is it?
 
Metals are chemical elements that are extracted and processed from mineral ores. Metals, such as aluminum, iron, zinc, gold, silver, tin, and mercury represent a significant fraction of total material flows in the economy.
 
How is it produced? 
 
Metals are elementary substances extracted from mineral ores. Ores are extracted from the environment through mining and quarrying activities. Metlas can be extracted from the ore by three main methods: reduction of the ore with carbon, reduction of the molten ore by electrolysis, and reduction of the ore with a more reactive metal (1). The process of refining uses a significant amount of energy, and consequently produces a large carbon footprint. 
 
Where/how is it used in our economy (main sectors, main products, ingredients)?
 
Metals are omnipresent in common products across industries due to their wide range of functionalities and performance characteristics. Metals are essential for many of our product production processes. Over the 20th century demand has risen steeply, and this is expected to continue over the next decades. The UN Environment Programme (UNEP) calculated that low-carbon technologies would need over 600 million tonnes (Mt) more metal resources up to 2050 (2). Alongside the usual suspects of cobalt, lithium and rare-earth-metals, this includes aluminium, silver, steel, nickel, lead and zinc.
 
Why should we care from a circular economy perspective? (How is it un-circular?)
 
- Mining is energy and carbon intensive (3)
- Scarce metals are mismanaged and are associated with social impacts (conflict minerals)
- Given their recyclability and durability, circular economy solutions are a top priority. 
 

(1) https://revisionscience.com/a2-level-level-revision/chemistry-level-revision/bonding-and-structure/reduction-metals-extraction-ore#:~:targetText=There%20are%203%20main%20methods,with%20a%20more%20reactive%20metal.
 
(2) https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-these-six-metals-are-key-to-a-low-carbon-future
 
(3) Tost, M., Bayer, B., Hitch, M., Lutter, S., Moser, P., & Feiel, S. (2018). Metal Mining’s Environmental Pressures: A Review and Updated Estimates on CO2 Emissions, Water Use, and Land Requirements. Sustainability, 10(8), 2881.

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Metal & ores

Refers to 1) crude oils, 2) gas and 3) fuels. They are liquid and gaseous energy materials/carriers. 1) Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. Crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such as gasoline, diesel and various forms of petrochemicals. 2) Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. Gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating, cooking, electricity generation and as a fuel for vehicles. 3) A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as heat energy or to be used for work, which can be crude oils and gas products, but could for example also be nuclear energy.  

Liquids and gases 

The residual biomass that is discarded during production, such as straw and leaves, are not included in annual crop statistics. Nevertheless, those crop residues are often subject to further economic use. For example, a large fraction of crop residues is used as bedding material in livestock husbandry; crop residues may also be used as feed, for energy production, or as industrial raw material.

Crop Residues

Animal products refers to wild fish catch, aquatic plants/animals, hunting and gathering, live animals, animal products and food products like meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products. 



Animal Products

A crop is a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. Crop may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in a more refined state. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture. Some examples are: cereals, dry pulses, protein crops, root crops, industrial crops, fresh vegetables and permanent crops.

Crops

Materials

This collection is being created to regroup all case studies related to the packaging industry (CAT purpose)

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Packaging collection

Societal Services

Producing basic and specialty chemicals, inks, agricultural chemical such as fertilisers and pesticides, plastics including packaging, and rubber

Chemical and Plastic

Providing specialist services to support consumers, businesses, andgovernments

Professional Services

Providing public and private education and support services at any level or for any profession, and governmental and public administration services, including judicial, regulatory, and legislative activities, taxation, defence, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and the administration of government programmes

Education and Government Services

Producing electric cables and wires, power-generating equipment, including solar modules, motors, power turbines, as well as electronic equipment and instruments, including computer chips, communication equipment, analytical instruments, lasers, display screens, point-of-sales machines, security system equipment, and healthcare equipment

Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Producing agricultural products and processing them into food and beverageproducts for consumption

Agri/Food

Producing and refining oil, gas, and other consumable fuels related to the generation of energy

Consumable Fuels

Operating networks and software that enable the exchange and broadcasting of information, such as entertainment and internet software, television, cable, satellite or radio broadcasting systems, and cellular, wireless and/or fixed-line telecommunications services

Software and Communications

Processing and producing food and beverages for consumption

Food and Beverage

Producing electronics products for businesses and consumers, including cellular phones, personal computers, printers, servers, electronic computer components and peripherals, TVs, audio equipment, as well as household appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines, etc.

Electronics and Appliances

Producing and providing leisure and personal products and services for consumers, such as cleaning products, sports equipment and toys, personal and beauty care products, as well as domestic and personal services such as caretaking, cleaning, hairdressing and other beauty treatment, funeral and related activities

Personal Products and Services

Producing indoor products for the home and office, such as furniture, including upholstery, carpets and wall-coverings, as well as cutlery, cookware, glassware, crystal, silverware, utensils, kitchenware and household specialties

Home and Office Furnishings

Refining and processing ores and producing ferrous and non-ferrous metal and glass products, including packaging

Metal and Glass

Producing and gathering crop and animal products from land and water through farming, hunting, and fishing

Agriculture

Providing healthcare services, such as hospitals, medical facilities and patient care services, medical research and clinical trial services, pharmaceuticals and drug development, and genetic engineering services

Healthcare Services

Industries

The circular economy model aims to decouple economic growth from resource consumption. Arup's research outlines key principles of the circular economy to explore and contextualise practical applications in the built environment.